The early Modern Olympic Games, except for the first one, were held as a part of the International Exposition. The purpose of this study is to clarify the idea of the relationship between the early Modern Olympic Games and the Industrial and International Expositions. The following conclusions were derived; 1. "Olympia", which were held as Greek Olympic Games in 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1888, had two sections, namely, the Industrial Expositions and the athletic events. The purposes of the "Olympia" were to foster industrial development and to recover traditional culture. 2. The Paris International Exposition held in 1889 was very important for the relationship between the Modern Olympic Games and the International Exposition. The Greek Olympian Committee attended it and the sacred ruined Olympia from the German archaeological fruit was displayed, and Coubertin convened a meeting about athletics. 3. The International Exposition at that time was held as an industrial exposition under the conditions of imperialism. An anthropological section was opened and many tribal people from Asia and Africa were displayed as savages. 4. The early Modern Olympic Games were eager to join the International Exposition from the view point of internationalism, and the internationalism of the Modern Olympic Games had to receive the ideas of imperialistic internationalism. That is why anthropological events were held in the 4th Olympic Games at St.Louis in 1904.

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This report is based upon the lecture delivered at Toyo University on January 8, 2011. UNESCO, pursuing peace and human well-being, has engaged in many activities in the field of education since its establishment in 1946. This report picks out and explains UNESCO’s four main topics in the field of education: international understanding, environment education, life-long learning and inclusive education. It also briefly discusses the thoughts described in Learning Society by R. Hutchins, Learning to Be (UNESCO, 1973) and others. Through examining these works, it suggests with some observations three main subjects which we need to study further in our research activities. These are: how to live as an individual aiming at living harmoniously; how to keep good relationship with other people and/or groups; and how to cope with global and societal challenges such as preservation of natural environment and helping people suffering from difficulties.

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In France, the fight against vacant houses (lutte contre le logement vacant) is a more and more important political issue, even though the vacant house rate is decreasing, from 7.0 percent in 2000 to 6.0 percent in 2010. The rate of house for secondary or seasonal use is slightly declining from 10.0 percent in 2000 to 9.8 percent in 2010. This is because the total population in France was rapidly increasing 6.7 percent during the 10 years. It recorded at 64.6 million people in 2010 from 60.5 million in 2010. The pressure of the growing population and the shortage of decent houses especially in large cities are the main reasons for the measures against vacant houses. The tax against vacant houses and the requisition of vacant houses are the two main axes of the legislative measures for the fight against vacant houses. The former is introduced by the Act against exclusion in 1998 and is related to the owners of the houses vacant for at least two years in the eight areas with more than 200,000 inhabitants. The 2013 reform expanded the implementation areas (from 8 to 28 areas) and raised the tax rate. The latter has a long history and was often implemented at the post-Second-World-War period. However, there has been a very rare case of application these days, due to the difficulties in detecting the vacancy. The underuse of house is theoretically permissible in the context of French Law. However, the concept of housing right plays an important role in restricting the owners’ property right.

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On September 10th, the first beam was successfully circulated in the 26.7 km-long LHC ring. This historic event was performed in a very open environment. TV crews were in the CERN accelerator control room. More than one hundred million people around the world watched spots in the beam monitors. At KEK, we organized a press conference in the day before, with a high-quality video connection to CERN. In this report, we will describe how the events were organized.

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As is well known, the inflow of the Franco-Prussian War indemnity had a considerable influence on the boom and its collapse in Germany and Central Europe in the early 1870's. This paper deals with the actual process of the indemnity payment and the effects this exerted on the international money and capital markets. The purpose is to make a contribution to the study of the nature and the characteristics of the cyclical fluctuation of this period. The French Government floated two major indemnity loans. The first one was issued in 1871 and the total amount at face value was 2,779.5 million francs; the rate of interest was 5 per cent; the price to the subscribers was 82.5; and the proceeds of the loan amounted to 2,239 million francs. The second loan, which was floated in 1872, amounted to 4,140.5 million francs in face value; the rate of interest was 5 per cent; the price to the subscribers was 84.5; the total proceeds of the loan was 3,499 million francs. Thus, the French Government obtained 5,792 million francs from the two loans. Of this amount 40 per cent was subscribed for by foreigners. Of the remainder about 2,000 million represented money raised by selling French foreign investments, though the French citizens were not slow in re-purchasing that amount of foreign securities. Thus, most of the indemnity money was raised in the international capital markets. The French Government paid 5,315 million francs to Germany as the indemnity (which amount included interests accruing on the original indemnity). The payment was mainly effected by the delivery of the commercial bills on England, Holland, Belgium and Germany, which totalled to 4,248 million francs. Of the remainder, 724 million was paid in banknotes and coin. Being the international capital market, London was involved in this large-scale operation. For one thing, over 1,500 million francs of bills on London were purchased by the French Government and used for payment to the German Government, which naturally affected the Paris-London and Berlin-London exchange rates. In addition, the German Government, which decided to adopt the gold standard, took away a large amount of gold from London for the purpose of coinage. Thus, a sudden demand for gold appeared and the Bank had suddenly to raisd the bank rate. This left a deep impression on the contemporary minds, who began to discuss the necessity of a larger gold reserve at the Bank. The international gold standard began to take shape under these circumstances.

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This article deals with the establishment of Japan's Far Eastern policy (especially toward Korea) in 1880s, which was one of the most important problems for the Japanese Government of those days. Many studies have chiefly analysed this policy only through the relation among China, Korea and Japan. But, in reality, Japan's policy was intensely influenced by the Great Powers' attiude towards the Far East, and was established under the complex diplomatic relations. 1)Japan's interventionism in Korea in 1880 was caused not only by the antagonism between Japan and China since the disposition of the Ryukyu Islands ("琉球処分"), but also accelerated by the fact that the Great Powers, having taken advantage of the Ili incident, had claimed to enter inter diplomatic relations with Korea. Such a policy, on the contrary, made the Great Powers alarmed against Japan. They tried to achieve the rapprochment with China and consented to the suzerainty of China over Korea. 2)On the occasion of the disposition of the First Seoul incident (1882), the Japanese Government could not adopt any positive policy, being ristricted by such diplomatic relations. Even after France's proposal of (a dual) alliance against China in the Sino-French War, the Japanese Government did not yet modify its policy. As it seemed that the invasion to China became inevitable, the Japanese Government recklessly launched the Second Seoul incident (1884), forecasting that the victory of France would bring the diplomatic relations disadvantageous to Japan in the Far East. The Japanese Government had to conclude a Treaty with China ("天津条約"), and lost the Great Powers' support for its Korean policy. 3)After the enforcement of the Treaty, England and Germany supported China's hegemony over Korea. The isolated Japanese Government, in the case of the Port Hamilton incident, suggested to China a joint control over Korea, but this proposal was refused. However this incident revealed the confrontation between England and Russia. The Japanese Government, intervening in the power policy of the Great Powers, established a new national aim to be a world power, and started in the full-scale expansion of armaments.

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In 1790, at Lyon, three thousand citizens founded 31 clubs of section or faubourg and the Central Club who's objections were the learnings of citizen's rights and duties, and the surveillances of administrations. After the crisis of auguste 1792, these clubs that were leaded by Chalier and his partisans, required the Gironde Municipality to enact the laws of Maximum des prix des denrees and of Taxe forcee sur les riches, and to levy Armee revolutionnaire lyonnaise. On February 1793, a mayor girondin Niviere-Chol was dismissed by the Central Club that organized a sans-culotte movement. Finally, Bertrand, partisan of Chalier, was nominated for the mayor by the election on March. But the moderes resisted obstinately against "les Chaliers" and the sans-culotte movement in the city of Lyon. In consequence, the Municipality of "les Chaliers" was overthrown by the insurrection of moderes on 29 May 1793. "Les Chaliers" were arrested and the clubs of section or faubourg were closed by the counter-revolutionary Municipality. This article is about this sans-culotte movement and it's leaders "les Chaliers", especially between 1790 and 92. It is consisted of four chapters. The first chapter reviews historical studies concerning the revolutionary Lyon from the Revolution time to the present day. The second argues the institutionel features of the clubs of section or faubourg and the Central Club, it's origins and organizations, it's social compositions of members etc…. The third observes the social origins of Chalier and his partisans (6 principal members of Tribunal de District de la ville de Lyon-Dodieu, Gaillard, Bussat, Fernex, Dubessey and Hidins, the mayor Bertrand, a member of Comite lyonnais de salut public Achard, officier municipal Riard de Beauvernois, notables Roullot and Sautemouch); and traces the evolution of their activities and of their ideas before and during the early Revolution. The last attempts to analyse on club's activities and tendencies from it's foundation time to 1792, touching the relations of the clubs and "les Chaliers".

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