Diesel engines are becoming higher supercharging and higherpower than former ones in recent years. Therefore, the engines are required to install large-capacity turbochargers and a performance of engines in high-load region is given priority. As a result, some problems are caused by above the mentioned situation on the response of the engines in low-load region.
Especially, when a clutch of reduction gears is on or an engine is given acceleration rapidly, a smoke of the exhaust gas and a problem of the ship's maneuver will be occurred by delay of the response of the turbocharger.
As a solution of the matters, we have tried to apply electrical control by digital governor to diesel engines and the clutches, and furthermore, we have developed an all electrical control system which has included effective functions of the control based on our past experiences.
We report the process that the problems have been solved by the new system with the best control on the whole propulsion system of the ships.

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It is necessary to get basic knowledge that contributes the high co-firing rate use of the woody biomass for CO_2 reduction. In this study, the single-firing characteristics using a cedar as a woody biomass with a pulverized coal fired burner was compared with that of coals by a coal combustion test facility. The NO_x concentration at the exit of furnace in the single-firing a cedar became very lower than that of coal firing. The combustion efficiency of cedar was extremely higher than that of coal. The combustion process of a cedar near the burner was different from that of coal greatly. The ignition of pulverized cedar was easily in the cold state without pre-heating or assistant fuel.

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Mitsui Aluminium Co., Ltd. was established in 1968 with the objects to support the coal industry whose economic base was being weakened due to the drastic change in structure of the fuel source supply and to materialize the project of embarkment into the field of Aluminum smelting which had been planned by Mitsui Group for many years.
Although the coal produced by Miike Mining Station (so-called “Miike coal” ) is the best in quality in Japan, it has two unfavorable characteristics, first, easy to cause clinker trouble and second, high sulfur content. At the time of commencing the project of the power plant (1967-1968), therefore, our interest in boiler design was “how to avoid clinker trouble”. Fortunately, the result was found successful.
But the rapid progress of Japanese economy has made it necessary to strengthen the pollution control quickly, then the power companies and others have been obliged to change their fuel source. The combination use of low-sulfur oil and high stacks was one of the most prevailing counter-measures at that time. Because of the objects of establishing the company, however, Mitsui Aluminium Company determined not to give up to use coal as fuel source but to solve the problem through the combination in operation of coal fired boilers and SO₂ control plant.
In March, 1972, the SO₂ control plant was completed, and since then the power plant has been operated smoothly without trouble satisfying not only the governmental control code but also the agreements with the municipal administration.
In spite of the first large-sized commercial plant in the world, it has shown an excellent result beyond our expectation with the great satisfaction. Moreover, to our surprise, so many people concerned not only in Japan but also in the Unitesd States and many overseas countries are much interested in our success. It is our intention that we will further try to pursue higher performance and more economical operation of the plant. I believe that our strong intention to maintain coal firing power station brought us the great success in the wet calcium base SO₂ control plant.

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Full scale operation of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) for coalfired boilers of electric power generating plant was started in February 1975 for the first time in Japan. Its three year operation to date proved more than satisfactory and the performance indicates even better results than those initially planned.
However, experiences with operating disclosed that FGD of coal-fired boilers involved problems peculiar to coal burning, which require following considerations.
1. Coal contains certain substances, such as chlorine which would unfavourably affect FGD and a definite measure should be established to control such maleficence.
2. In case where gas being handled contains high concentration of SO₂, a measure to counter the scaling action is necessary.
3. Waste water from FGD requires sufficient study on COD removal.
4. Depending on the kinds of coal, there may arise a problem peculiar to the coal being used. So, it is necessary to know the constituents and property of that particular coal, and result of the study should be reflected in designing the detail of the FGD.

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Under the condition that a power station could be set up in Miike -Where was the largest coal field in Japan-for the purpose of consuming the coal of Mitsui Mining Co. Ltd., Miike, Mitsui Aluminium Co. Ltd. have begun to smelt aluminium which required much electric energy.
Originally, because of contenting high sulfur and low melting point ash, the coal in Miike was criticized to be difficult to consume for boiler.
Accordingly, we had to solve the difficulty how to boil the low quality and high sulfur coal without raising clinker trouble and how to restrain to exhaust sulfur to the atmosphere.
Consequently the various investigations and scientific researches, and on top of that, running the pilot plant scaled 1/200 for a long time-many experiences and investigations of operating condition could be obtained during this test-we finally established this wet type sulfur removal process used carbide sludges in large capacity for coal fired power boiler-156MW scalr-for the first time in the world.
The distinctive feateres of this process are as follows:
1. Be possible to applicate reasonably in the limited space.
2. Low cost of construction and running.
3. Simple process and construction.
4. No secondary harm by-product and be able to retire it for plaster.
5. The absorbefacient Ca (OH) ₂ can be gotten cheaply and stably.
6. High efficiency in removing sulfur and dust, and in operating continuously.
7. Stability against the variation of boiler load and sulfur content in the coal.
8. Suffieiently shut out bloaking by plaster scale which is criticized very difficult to keep away in wet process.
Fortunately our commercial plant is favorably running without trouble ever since starting up -March 1972- and the efficiency is high beyond of the original plan.
With this success in our undertaking, the coal in Miike could be consumed continuously in large quantities.

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ダウン症児の早期療育は近年急速に普及し, その効果についても高い経験的心証が得られている。しかし, 療育の種目や組み合わせ, 実施順序, 教育適期, 効果の持続性などについては, 必ずしも充分な検討が行われているとはいえない。また, 我々の今までの研究結果から, 医師のダウン症告知のあり方と養育者の受け止め方, 母親の性格・態度, ダウン症児の性格傾向などが, 療育方針ひいてはその効果にもかなり大きな影響を与えることが示された。本研究は, ダウン症児の母親への質問紙調査により, 上述した早期療育効果の複雑な様相を多少とも解きほぐすことを目指した。調査対象者は, ダウン症児152人(男子84名, 女子68名, 平均年齢11.41歳)の母親であった。調査項目は, 医師の告知のあり方, 早期働きかけの種別・方法・実施時期, 言葉と数の発達状況, ダウン症児の性格, 母親の性格・療育態度などから成り, 3∿5件法により回答を求めた。結果として, 告知のあり方は, 近年改善されてきたが当初の母親の精神的動揺は変わらないこと, 早期療育については働きかけの多様化と早期化が進んでいること, 言葉と数の習得は加齢とともに着実に上昇すること, 言葉や数の学習への直接的働きかけはその達成度と必ずしも一対一には対応せず, むしろ歩行や自立習慣などの日常的働きかけが広い分野の発達に寄与するらしいこと, 叱るよりはほめるといった動機づけ的側面の影響が大きいことなどが示された。

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電位依存性ナトリウムチャネル (Naチャネル) は興奮性細胞が活動電位を引き起こすために不可欠な役割を演じているイオンチャネルであり, その名のごとく膜電位の変化によってゲートが開閉し, ナトリウムイオンを細胞内外の濃度差に応じて通過させ, それによって細胞膜の荷電状態を変化させる膜蛋白である. Naチャネルは従来は比較的種差や組織差の少ない“面白みに欠ける”イオンチャネルであると考えられてきたが, 最近の遺伝子クローニングにより, 多くのサブタイプの存在が明らかとなり, 機能的にもさまざまな細胞機能にかかわっていることが明らかとなってきた. 一方では, 新しい実験技術の開発により, そのチャネルポアや電位センサーなどに関するオングストロームオーダーの3次元立体構造すら明らかにされつつある. 最近のNaチャネル研究における重要なポイントは組織特異性をもつユニークなサブタイプの存在である. とりわけ末梢知覚神経節の小型侵害受容ニューロンに特異的に発現し, フグ毒テトロドトキシン (tetrodotoxin: TTX) に感受性をもたないTTX-非感受性Naチャネルは, 痛覚伝導機序あるいは病的疼痛の発現などに重要な役割を担っている可能性があり, 新しい鎮痛薬の開発などの面からも注目されている. 本稿では, まず最近のNaチャネル研究の進展について概説し, さらにTTX-非感受性Naチャネルを中心に, Naチャネルの疼痛発現への関与について紹介する.

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