Polish Academy of Sciences，Unit of Anthropology in Wroclawに約1ヶ月滞在する機会があったので，Unitとポーランドの人類学に纏わるいくつかのことについて簡単に紹介したい。

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本研究では，身体形状の魅力認知に及ぼす脚−身体比率（leg-to-body ratio; LBR）の影響について検討した。Sorokowski & Pawlowski (2008)は，を用いた研究において，の平均LBRの110％の値である，男性では0.5676，女性では0.5643が最も魅力的であるという結果を示している。そこで本研究では，日本人の被験者を用いて，日本人の平均LBRの110％（男性0.5054，女性0.4994）を上限とした刺激で同様のパタンが示されるかを検討した。40名の実験参加者にLBRの異なる男女各11パタンの身体形状のシルエットを呈示し，その身体の魅力度について7段階で評定させた。その結果，刺激性別に関係なくLBRが大きければ大きいほど魅力的であると認知された。また，LBRが小さい場合には男性刺激の方が女性刺激よりも魅力的であると認知された。

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第2次大戦後のポーランド経済,とくに工業の急激な発展によって,急速な都市化過程が生じた.1950～80年の間に,都市人口割合は総人口の38.4%から58.7%へ増大した.この時期に,ポーランドの市・町の人口は1,140万人(54.3%)増加した.そのうち,ちょうど42.4%は自然増加, 33.9%は農村地域からの流入, 23.7%は行政区域の変更によるものである.
1980年末には,ポーランドには804の都市と都市的集落とがあった.ポーランドの町のうちでは,小さい集落(人口1万人以下)が圧倒的に多い.それらの小集落は,都市的集落総数のうち55.9%を占め,同時に全都市人口の約10%を占めている.同年,人口5万人以上の町は75(都市的集落総数の9.3%)を数え,全都市人口の62%以上を占めている.
空間的視点から見て,最も都市化しているのはポーランド西部および南央部であり,全国の都市化指数を超えている.国土には16の都市アグロメレーションがつくり出され,その中で9つが充分に発達したもの(上シロンスク,ワルシャワ,ウッジ,クラクフ,プロツラフ,ポズナニ,シュチェチン,グタニスク・グジニア,ビドゴシュチ・トルニ)であり, 7つがある程度発達した都市アグロメレーションである(スデーティ,スタロ・ポルスカ,ビエルスコ,オポーレ,チェンストホバ,ルブリン,ビアウイストック).顕著な16の都市アグロメレーションは,全国人口の20%以上,都市人口の60%以上,全産業人口の約65%以上を占めている.別に, 4つの都市アグロメレーションの発生が目立つ.すなわち,タルノブジェック—スタロバ・ボラ—サンドミエシ,周カルパチア,下シロンスク,カリシュ・オストルフである. 20世紀末には,ポーランドの総人口は, 3,900～4,000万人の水準に達し,そのうち65～75%は都市人口と推定される.現在目立つ16の都市アグロメレーションは,多中心地結合集落システムの内部で主要な経済的中心地の機能を果たし,ポーランドの都市人口の約80%が集まっているであろう.

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東欧近代史におけるオスマン帝国の位置は,いわゆる東方問題との関係において大国の視点でのみこれまで語られ,とりわけロシアのニコライー世の"瀕死の病人"という表現のなかに象徴的に示されているといえよう。けれども,オスマン帝国が衰退に向かう頃,十八世紀末に分割されて滅び去った士族共和制ポーランドの影を追うの営為のなかに,オスマン帝国に協力を求め,三分割勢力,すなわちロシア・オーストリア・プロイセンに立ち向かおうとした行勤は,歴史の表面には現れない小国の試行として見逃すわけにはゆかない。オスマン帝国と士族共和制ポーランドとの交流は十四世紀にオスマン帝国がバルカン半島に進出したときに遡り,トルコ人たちはポーランドをレヒスタン,すなわちレフ(シュラハタ)の国と呼んでポーランド士族(シュラハタ)の勇気を讃えたのであった。そしてポーランド分割に臨んではヨーロッパ大陸において分割反対を唱えたのはオスマン帝国が唯一であったし,また分割反対を叫ぶバール連盟の兵士たちやコシチューシコの反乱の参加者たちを領内に温かく迎え入れたのもオスマン帝国であった。それは,ロシアの南下を防ぐ防壁としてポーランドが有益であったからにほかならない。それゆえ,ポーランド分割後,亡命者たちが対ロシア政策を進めるに際し,容易にオスマン帝国と協力関係を結んだのはいうまでもない。同時にオスマン帝国の方でも,ロシアとの対抗上,近代化・西欧化を推進せざるを得なくなったとき,たちの協力を必要としたのであった。この路線を定めたのが,パリに亡命の拠点を築いたアダム=チャルトリィスキ侯を指導者と仰ぐ右派政治グループであった。彼らが1840年代に展開した「二つの汎スラヴ主義」論,すなわち「ロシアの汎スラヴ主義」とそれと対決する「スラヴの汎スラヴ主義」の図式こそが彼らの描く戦略的布陣であった。後者に依拠するチャルトリィスキ派は,ポーランドの指導の下にスラヴ・バルカン諸民族を連邦制に組入れることによってロシアの南下に対処しようとした。「諸国民の春」が敗北したあと,守りの一策として採られたイスラム化政策も,いうなればスルタンの宗主権下においてこの路線の一貫性を図ろうとした結果にほかならない。このイスラム化政策はまた,東欧史において伝統的な意味をもつ連邦制の問題に通じ,スルタンの支配権を容認した上でトルコ・スラヴ主義という形で再生し,展開されるものでもあった。

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The physical growth of the Taiwanese has been considered comparing with that of the Japanese and the Poles as to the biacromial breadth and the bicristal diameter. In the former report (1967) by the authors, a garphic method was used as to the height and the weight as the analytical one of growth. In this paper, the analytical focus has especially been taken on the pattern of growth and the time of appearance of the sexual difference among these three racial groups, based on the time and velocity of the growth spurt, the conversion point of distance curve for the physical ratio and the androgyny scroces by TANNER (1961).
The Fuchen-Taiwanese from 1 to 22 years consisted of 1231 males and 958 females were measured by the authors in Tainan City during 1963-1964, and the Japanese from 5 to 18 years were the materials investigated by KIMURA, one of the authors, and the others in Tokyo in 1964. As for the Poles were used the figures from the report by WOLANSXI (1961), which were investigated by the National Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw in 1959.
The means and mean squares of the biacromial breadth, the bicristal diameter, the indices of the biacromial breadth and the bicristal diameter to the height, and the index of the bicristal diameter to the biacromial breadth have been shown in Table 1 as to the Taiwanese and in Table 2 as to the Japanese.
Comparing with three racial groups in adults (Fig. 1), the Taiwanese are characterized by the larger biacromial breadth and its ratio to the height and the smaller bicristal diameter and its ratios to the height and to the biacromial breadth, although the Japanese by the smaller biacromial breadth and the larger ratios of the bicristal diameter to the height and the biacromial breadth, and the Whites by the larger biacromial breadth and the smaller ratio of the bicristal diameter to the biacromial breadth for the males and by the larger bicristal diameter and its ratios to the height and to the biacromial breadth for the females.
From the distance curves and the annual increment curves of the biacromial breadth and the bicristal diameter (Figs. 2, 3 and 4), the follows were conci dered. The first spurt is apparent in about the age of 5-8 year in the growth of both traits. As the spurt is earlier and its velocity is smaller in the Taiwanese than in the Japanese and the Poles, the Taiwanese are larger in chaildhood but are smaller in the time of boys and girls than the other two in these two traits as means. The second (maximum) spurt is also earlier in the Taiwanese than in the others, generally. Furthermore, the elongation of the time of sprut or the third spurt seems to appear in the biacromial breadth of the males and the bicristal diameter of the females continually from or after the maximum spurt.
As for the distance curves of the ratios of the biacromial breadth and the bicristal diameter to the height and each other (Figs. 5 and 6), the norms are not easily understood in general. Standard curves seem to be estimated as in Fig. 7 from the curves in the Taiwanese and the Japanese. It is recognized in the growth of physical ratios that the Taiwanese are more similar to the Japanese and their tempo of growth is slightly more rapid than the Poles. It appears that the racial characteristic is due to the growth at and after the maximum spurt in the Taiwanese and the Japanese. On the other hand, the Whites are different from Asian groups through the all growth time.
From the androgyny scores by TANNER (Fig. 8), the sexual difference seems to appear at 14 years in the Taiwanese, 13 in the Japanese and 15 in the Poles.

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On September 17, 1939 the Soviet Red Army invaded Eastern Poland, following the German invasion of Western Poland some two weeks earlier. In the occupied territory, which contained Western Ukraine (Galicia and Volhynia) and Western Byelorussia (Belarus), Poles were deported in the short period leading up to the German invasion of June 1941. It is estimated that from 250 thousand to 1.65 million Poles were subjected to deportation. This brought about a major transformation in the social and economic structure of the area.
This article examines how the deportation of Poles influenced the transformation of social and economic structure in the Western Ukraine (Galicia and Volhynia) . Considering this problem, we also actress Soviet rural policies - land reform and collectivization, then explore correlation between deportation and the two policies.
After annexation the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine was elected to power. On October 28, 1939 the Assembly formally announced the confiscation of land belonging to great landowners, monasteries, and state officials. By the end of 1939, 2, 753, 000 hectares of land in Galicia and Volhynia had reportedly been confiscated representing 29.9% of the total land of two regions held by landowners and monasteries.
Simultaneously, the first deportation of Poles began. A decree that was issued by the Soviet government declared that Polish military settlers (osadnikis), should be removed from Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia. In February 139, 590 people were deported to Siberia, Ural and so on. The land reform and deportation of Poles led to the increase of Ukrainian landed farmers, including middle peasants (stratum-serednyak) .
In January 1940, the Soviet authorities began formal collectivization, or kolkhz (collective farm) in these regions. By June 1, there were 2, 866 kolkhz in Galicia and Volhynia, representing 205, 137 peasant households, or 12.8% of the total number of households. These households had 796, 827 hectares of land in their possession, or 14.9% of the total land in the regions. As for Galicia and Volhynia, the Soviet authorities were preoccupied with the defense of the western borderlands from 1939 to 1941.
On the eve of war there were the two waves of deportation that occurred. The first mass deportation which was completed on April 1940, including families of Polish official, gendarmes, landowners. 320 thousands people were deported from Galicia and Volhynia and Western Byelorussia. At this time, including Ukrainians, that were activists and opponents to collectivization. In the second mass deportation refugees consisted of Poles (41%) and Jews (59%) . The forced deportation of Poles removed the active elements of the Polish population from Galicia and Volhynia, and brought social and economic transformation in these areas. But this could not create a material base for the collectivization of two regions. In fact collectivization did not fully materialize and land reforms continued. On March 241941, on official land reform decree was issued.
As a result, in Galicia and Volhynia, the deportation of Poles, especially active elements, such as osadniki created a material base for the increasing number of Ukrainian peasant arriving. This led to a major transformation in the social and economic structure, “depolonization”, of these regions.

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The physiological growth of the Formosans has been considered comparing with that of the Japanese and the Poles by a new graphic representation based on height and weight. The Fuchen-Formosans from 1 to 22 years consisted of 1231 males and 958 females have been measured by the authors in Tainan City during 1963-1964.
As for the developmental curve (fig. 1), the shape of curve is almost identical among these three racial groups, the Formosans however being inclining to a little more slender type of physique. The curve of the Formosans departs from the others after about 5 years and parallels them with a constant distance after about 9 or 10 years.
The Formosans precedes the Japanese in growth in early period, but there is no difference in the physique and growth between both racial groups after the time of the maximum velocity. However, the Poles is considerable different from the both Asian groups as for the apparent first growth spurt appeared in 5-6 years and the magnitude of the maximum velocity.
In the physique of adults, the Formosans is a little more slender than the Japanese and the Poles, and the Poles are apparently taller and heavier than the both Asian groups. These differences are probably due to that of the growth at and after the period of the first and the maximum spurt among these three racial groups.

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