This article aims to provide new research viewpoints on the transpacific trade of the Spanish empire in the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century. Generally, the economic impact of the Spanish empire in the global economy declined until the end of the seventeenth century because Spain was defeated in the race for colonies. As the previous works showed, the main research subject is the Manilla Galleon trade between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. However, Spain still had colonies in the Pacific connected by trade in the second half of the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century. Why did the research not focus on the trading system of the Spanish empire at the turn of the period from the Early Modern Period to the Modern Period? Based on this question, this article discusses the four following topics. The first chapter highlights the problem of research about the Spanish empire in the field of global history. Second, this article introduces the Manilla Galleon trade in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Next, it delineates the new trade system from the second half of the eighteenth century, searching for a new trade route around the Cape of Good Hope. Lastly, it discusses the Royal Philippine Company’s activities. The author focuses on the province of Guipúzcoa people in the Basque Country, the northern part of Spain, as the key members of the company. However, several subjects remain to be considered. For example, (1) the roles of Lima, El Callao (Peru), Santiago de Chile, and Valparaíso (Chile) in the transpacific trade should be examined. These commercial cities were influential on the Pacific coast of Latin America. (2) Furthermore, the linkage between the east coast of Latin America and Asia was overlooked, although it was a significant trade of the Royal Philippine Company. (3) Who participated in the transpacific trade? What was their social class? Where did the participants of the trade originate from? What kind of trade did they engage in besides transpacific trade? (4) We must research the contact or relationships both inside and outside of the empire. This contact remains unclear regarding many port cities and merchants in the Indian Sea. This article will contribute to world history by delineating the presence of the Spanish empire as one of the leading actors in the eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries.

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明清時代の貿易秩序を「朝貢貿易システム」として概括する見解に対し,近年では明初の朝貢体制にかわり,16世紀から「互市体制」が成長していったことが主張されている。本稿では14世紀末から16世紀末にいたる東アジア貿易秩序の変容と再編のプロセスを,6つの時期に分けて,海域・内陸アジアの双方について包括的に検討してみたい。14世紀末に成立した明朝の朝貢体制のもとでは,対外通商は明朝と周辺諸国との朝貢貿易に一元化され,民間貿易は禁止されていた。こうした朝貢体制は,15世紀初頭に最大限に達するが,15世紀中期からはしだいに動揺し,海域・内陸周縁地帯では,朝貢貿易の枠外に広州湾や粛州での「互市」が成長していく。16世紀中期までには,モンゴルや倭寇の略奪や密貿易の拡大により,朝貢貿易体制はほぼ破綻し,1570年前後には,明朝は華人海商の東南アジア渡航と,モンゴルとの互市を公認する。こうした貿易秩序の再編は,ポルトガルやスペインの新航路開拓による海外銀の流入とも連動して,多様な通商ルートが併存するあらたな貿易秩序,「1570年システム」が形成されたのである。

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