The purpose of this paper is to re-investigate the conflict between the grand prince of Moscow and Kiprian, the Metropolitan of Moscow, which happened over each other’s jurisdiction in the second half of the fourteenth century and the early fifteenth century in Russia. In general, two groups of researchers have disputed each other. One argues that the jurisdiction of the Russian church was limited in this era, while the other group works from the completely opposite perspective, that is the church recovered their former rights and privileges. The author of this paper thinks that the researchers’ discussions were insufficient, and reexamined the primary sources such as ‘Kormchaia kniga’, acts which have not be used enough. The author also reexamined the situations of the tumultuous period of the Church, and the following results are obtained: 1) Kiprian aimed to make the Russian Church return to the one of the time of Metropolitans Feognost or Aleksii, with not only have merits but demerits as well. 2) Kiprian and the Grand Prince Vasilii I did not aim to interfere with the jurisdiction of each other. The changes, which, for example, were written in the act of 1392, were their convenience. So we cannot conclude this period is characterized by a confrontation between the two powers. Both of them sufficiently valued each other.

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The aim of this article is to bring to light the proceedings concerning the Baltic problem at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-1920. This article will focus on the case of Estonia. The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania proclaimed their independence from former Tsarist Russia in 1918 and then each provisional government started diplomatic initiatives to gain de jure recognition from the Allied and Associated Powers. The Baltic nations insisted upon their right to national self-determination, something which both the American President, Woodrow Wilson and the Russian revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin had already asserted during the war. Therefore, the Baltic nations were expecting the Powers to respect their claims.
The Peace Conference was held in January 1919. However, the Baltic states were not permitted to attend. There were two important issues discussed: one, the settlement with Germany and secondly, the solution to the Russian revolution. The Powers' only interest was how to overthrow the Bolshevik régime and create a democratic and united Russia, so they neglected the demands of small nations like the Baltic states. Great Britain demonstrated some sympathy with the causes of these smaller nations whereas the United States remained intransigent. In May anti-Bolshevik military forces led by Admiral Kolchak advanced against Central Russia, with the Powers anticipating his military success. Kolchak and the Conference agreed to give autonomy to the Baltic nations, but, of course, they repulsed such dealings. Soon Kolchak was defeated by the Red Army, next General Yudenich appeared in Estonia, preparing to capture Petrograd with the support of the Powers. Britain put particular pressure on Yudenich and Estonia to cooperate with each other in military operations in exchange for recognition. Estonia rejected those dealings again and Yudenich also disappeared shortly afterwards.
By now the Baltic peoples evidently realized that the Conference had no intention to recognize the independence of the three nations. They were disappointed in the course of events at Paris, and therefore turned their eyes toward Moscow which was another birthplace of the theory of national self-determination. Soviet Russia and the Baltic states entered peace negotiations in September, naturally it was opposed by the Powers. In spite of their interference, a peace treaty was concluded between Estonia and Russia at Tartu in February 1920, and then the other two Baltic states followed. At Paris the Powers could not help admitting their failure to the solution to the Russian and Baltic problems. Even when the Conference closed in January 1920, they never permitted Baltic independence. All three Baltic states finally got de jure recognition at the end of 1922, not by the Peace Conference but by each Power seperately; nevertheless those small nations succeeded in maintaining their independence during the interwar period.

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