In Japan rubella occurs mostly in kindergarten and middle school students from 5 to 14 years of age. That is why it is presumed that school teachers of these age groups are at potential risk to be infected by this disease because of their close association with the children.
Comparing prevalence rates of rubella HI antibody in females who were 21 years old or less and those aged 22 to 29 in 1983, about 87% of the first group (who had received the rubella vaccinations when they were 13 to 14 years old) were seropositive while the prevalence rate was low (about 70%) in the second group.
School teachers in Sapporo Municipal schools were studied in October 1983 through questionnaires in order to investigate any special risk of their exposure to rubella. Among a total of 4, 165 school teachers aged under 40 years in 1983 in kindergarten, primary, middle and high schools in Sapporo, replies were obtained from 2, 412 of them (58%). A total of 2, 033 completed replies were analyzed, except those employed in 1983 when the rubella epidemic ceased. Among these 2, 033 school teachers, 932 had a history of rubella before employment, and 126 (6.2%) got rubella after employment. Among these 126 school teachers, 36 answered that they have suffered from rubella during the 1975-77 epidemic and 90 had it during the 1980-82 epidemic. The institute attack rates (%) were as follows: 11.3% (6 cases) in kindergarten, 6.5% (92 cases) in primary school, 5.4% (27 cases) in middle school and 1.5% (1 case) in high school; indicating higher attack rates among school teachers in the institutions for younger children, and a significant difference of the attack rates was obtained between kindergarten and high school. The increasing attack rate among staff in institutes for young school children showed a similar tendency in both epidemics, 1975-77 and 1980-82, compared with the attack rates of school-age children in the 1975-77 epidemic which was 26.4% in primary school, 15.3% in middle school and 2.9% in high shool.
In view of these data, it was suggested that rubella infections of school teachers were associated with infected kindergarten and school children.

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Effect of low selenium (Se) status on the ability of swimming was studied in mice. Male weanling ddY mice were fed a basal Se-deficient diet (Se content: <0.01μg/g) or the basal diet supplemented with Se at a level of 0.08 μg/g or 0.32 μg/g as sodium selenite for 4 weeks. After then, each dietary group was divided into further 2 groups; control group and swimming group. Mice in the swimming groups were loaded with swimming in a constant stream (7 L/min) of water at 34°C once per day for consecutive 7 days. In the load of swimming, the end point was a moment to sink for 7 seconds and time from the start to the end point was recorded as an ability of swimming. Mice fed the Se-deficient diet showed remarkably low hepatic glutathione peroxidase activities. The load of swimming made a significant increase of plasma lipid peroxide concentration in the Se-deficient group. However, hemoglobin contents were not varied with the selenium status or the load of swimming and the abilities of swimming were not varied with the selenium status; the effect of Se status on the swimming ability was not clear in the present study.

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The effect of strenuous exercise on blood constituent was examined. Studies were made on healthy 13 members (18 to 27 years) of the canoe club of a medical university who participated in summer training camp for 7 days. Situation of food intake on before and during training camp were also evaluated. Intake of total energy, protein, and carbohydrate during training camp were increased when compared with that of before training camp, but intake of fat as not changed. After training camp, serum total protein, albumin, and total electrolyte (Na⁺, K⁺, ca²⁺) were not affected. Serum GOT, GPT, LDH, and CPK activities were significantly increased. RBC, Hb, Ht and serum haptoglobin were significantly decreased and reticulocyte was increased after the camp. Serum Zn level were significantly decreased but Cu and Fe levels were not changed. Serum antioxidative substance (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) levels were significantly decreased, while lipid peroxide level (malondialdehyde) was significantly increased. These data suggest that strenuous exercise can result in a decrease of RBC, Hb, and Ht with oxidative damage.

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Possible association between HLA antigens and antibody response to rubella vaccine was examined in 71 seronegative adult females, aged from 18 to 23, immunized with QEF vaccine. High responders (HAT antibody titer≥1: 32) with HLA-B15 were significantly higher in frequency than those without HLA-B15 (p<0.05) . On the other hand, subjects with HLA-A9 had a tendency toward low immune responsiveness, including all the three non-responders. These results suggest that the antibody response to rubella vaccine may be influenced by the hostgenetic factors relating to HLA antigens.

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DNA cleavage analyses with EcoRI, HindIII and BamHI were carried out to investigate genome types of recent Ad 4 isolates obtained from acute respiratory disease (8 strains), and ocular disease (11 strains) in Japan. DNA cleavage patterns of all 19 isolates studied were identical regardless of whether they were recovered from respiratory tract or conjunctiva, but were distinct from that of the prototype strain.

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全血中δ-アミノレブリン酸(ALA-B)定量法を,簡単な前処理と蛍光検出器付ストップトフローHPLC(SF-HPLC)を用い確立した.反応コイル内での縮合反応の最適条件は,除タンパクした試料を100mM酢酸緩衝液(pH5)で2倍希釈した溶液60μlを注入した場合,反応コイル温度は98℃,第一段階の反応試薬は50%アセチルアセトンと25%エタノールの混合液,第二段階の反応試薬は10%ホルムアルデヒドであった.本法の検出限界は2μg/lで,著者らの行ってきた蛍光HPLC(従来法)より2.5倍検出限界が向上した.測定時間は1検体13分以内であった.鉛曝露,非曝露者10名のALA-Bの1週間4回の繰り返し測定での再現性は,相対標準偏差は5%以内と良好であった.鉛曝露非曝露者35名のALA-Bを本法と従来法で比較した結果,相関係数は0.97と良好であった.なお,本法はホルムアルデヒド,アセチルアセトン等の有害物質に測定者が曝露されないという点でも優れている.

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Adenovirus type 8 (Ad 8) has been the major and important causative agent of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) . By enzymatic cleavage analysis with five endonucleases, PstI, HindIII, BamHI, SalI and SstI, 27 out of 149 Ad 8 isolates recovered from patients with EKC during the period from July, 1980 to July, 1981 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, were studied. By cleavage patterns, 27 Ad 8 isolates in Kaohsiung were classified into four subtypes which were found to be different from the subtypes (Ad 8A, Ad 8B) prevalent in Sapporo (1) .

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We studied the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of DNAs of adenovirus type 8 (Ad 8) isolated from epidemic keratoconj unctivitis cases. DNAs of 25 Ad 8 isolates collected during the period from 1975 to 1981 in Sapporo were subjected to enzymatic cleavage with PstI, BamHl, HindIII and Sail. On the basis of the cleavage patterns, the isolates were divided into two subtypes, A and B, both different from Trim strain used as the Ad 8 prototype strain. Subtype A was prevalent in the period from 1975 to 1978, while subtype B in the period from 1976 to 1981.

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The epidemiology of rubella in Thailand was studied by measuring the -HI antibodies in 2, 798 human serum samples collected in 1977 and from 1982 through 1986.
In the study of the Meo and Karen hill tribes and employees of the Raming Tea Plantation living in high land in 1977, high antibody-negative rates against rubella were observed among young children aged 14 or less, so that the antibody was assumed to have been acquired by most of the people aged 15 or over. However, the antibody level in those aged 15 or older differed from group to group.
Employees of a tobacco factory and students at a high school in Sarapij were studied. Only two of the 54 employees had the negative antibody. The geometric mean antibody titers were as high as log₂ 7.081 and 7.058, respectively, which suggested an epidemic of rubella close to the time the specimens were collected.
The antibody levels of patients with complaints other than rubella were compared between Chiang Mai and Bangkok in 1977. No significant difference was observed between the two cities in the 20 to 24 years age group but the antibody-negative rate was higher in Bangkok than in Chiang Mai.
Serum samples collected from children in the Comprehensive Child Care Clinic, Chiang Mai University, in 1982, 1984 and 1985 were tested for their antibody levels to rubella. The age by which the subject children had naturally acquired the antibody was lower in 1982 than in 1985.
The antibody-negative rate of outpatients in Chiang Mai University Hospital in 1985 was definitely higher than that in 1977, and that in 1977 was lower than that of adults in Chiang Mai in 1983 to 1986. These data would suggest that a severe epidemic of rubella prevailed in the Chiang Mai district before 1977, but the disease was not common during the eight subsequent years.
Our data in Thailand were compared with records in Japan in 1976. In Japan the antibody-negative rate decreased with age and it was lower than 5% in adults aged 30 years or more. Conversely, in Thailand the antibody-negative rate decreased by 20 to 24 years of age but it was still more than 25% after 25 years of age. The geometric mean antibody titre of the antibody-positive people decreased with age in Japan, but in Thailand it was as high as log₂ 6.33, even in adults of 30 or more years of age.

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国内で発症したE型肝炎の報告は極めて少ない. 特に国内で感染し発症したと思われる散発性E型急性肝炎の報告は1994年に安藤らが報告した1例のみである. 今回我々は海外渡航歴のない国内感染と思われるE型急性肝炎の1例を経験した. 症例は45歳の男性. 海外渡航歴, 輸血歴及び不特定な人との性的接触を認めない. 全身倦怠感, 皮膚の黄染を主訴に発症. 各種肝炎のマーカー陰性かつ, IgM anti-HEV抗体が陽性に引き続きIgG anti-HEV抗体の上昇が確認された. 以上より本症例はE型急性肝炎と診断した. 本症例の感染経路は明らかではないが, 原因不明の急性肝炎の診断には, たとえ海外渡航歴がなくともHEV感染を考慮すべきであると考えられた.

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従来本邦では, E型肝炎の発生は稀であると考えられてきたが, 近年海外渡航歴のない国内発症例が報告されている. 今回, 北陸では初の報告となるE型急性肝炎の国内感染, 発症例を経験した. 症例は50歳男性. 海外渡航歴, 輸血歴, 動物の飼育歴, 薬剤服用歴及び, 不特定な人との性的接触はなかった. 2002年3月下旬より全身倦怠感, 褐色尿が出現し4月4日当科受診. 血液検査, 画像所見より急性肝炎と診断され入院となった. 対症療法にてトランスアミナーゼは速やかに改善したが, 黄疸は遷延化した. ビリルビン吸着療法計7回の後, 黄疸も改善傾向を示し, 第56病日目に退院となった. 入院時血清よりIgM型抗HEV抗体, HEV-RNA陽性が判明し, 本症例はE型急性肝炎と診断された. HEVは genotype IIIで, その塩基配列は既報のJRA 1株と最も高い一致率 (94.9%) を示した. HEVは日本国内に広く定着していると考えられた.

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An extensive epidemic of rubella occured in Aichi prefecture between the spring of 1975 and the same season of 1977.
During this period, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test to rubella was performed on more than 10, 000 women in our laboratory. 35 of the tested women showed significant rise in HI antibodies in the second sera compared with the first.
On the basis of titers of the first sera antibodies, 35 women were classified into two groups: A group (24 of the 35 women) showed titers of antibodies of <1: 8; B group (11 of the 35 women) had already titers of antibodies of 1: 8-1: 32.
Epidemiological survey was carried out al these women. In order to detect IgM antibodies to rubella, second sera of the 35 women were treated with protein A which was obtained from Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I strain. From the results of epidemiological survey, we knew that 26 of the 35 women (21 of the A group, 5 of the B) had rash, and 7 (one of the A group, 6 of the B) had not rash. But, 2 of the A group were uncertain (with or without rash).
After protein A treatment, IgM antibodies were demonstrated in 22 cases of the A group and 6 cases of the B. The other hand, IgM antibodies were not observed in 2 cases of the A groupand 5 cases of the B. These data suggested that 26 of the 35 women were apparent infection to rubella, 2 were inapparent, 2 were uncertain and 5 other were reinfection.

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