現在新しい学習指導要領の改訂作業が進んでいる。このようなときに，現行の学習指導要領の問題点を総括することは，次期学習指導要領を考えていく上で重要である。現行の指導要領においては，理科に当てる時数が少ないために「DNA」などを学ぶことなく終わったり，生物Iを履修してもその中に含まれない「進化」や「代謝」「生態」などは，生物IIを履修しないと学べない。かつて行われていた「生物IA」（ヒトの生物学）という科目は，ヒトを対象に総合的に見る幅広いカリキュラムであった。そのような科目が定着しなかったのは，そのアプローチが中途半端であったこと，入試において重要視されなかったことなどがあげられる。しかし，ヒトである自分自身を知ることは生徒の興味を引かせ，そこを入り口に生物の多様性・普遍性の意義を理解する上で重要である。またこの地球や生き物の歴史の中でのヒトの立ち位置を認識することが可能である。今後実施される学習指導要領においても，ヒトの生物学を進展させる意義は変わらない。そのためには，人類学の成果の教材化が不可欠である。

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Pollack fibers were produced by extrusion and steaming. The texture of fibers was evaluated by their shear values. Shear stress and volumetric flow rate were measured during the extrusion of minced fish paste, and the data was fitted to flow equations by FACOM 230-38S to find the bestfit rtheological parameters. The velocity profile of minced fish paste through a nozzle followed the power-law flow model with yield stress. Texture of pollack fibers was predicted, using these rheological parameters of minced fish paste. Apparent viscosity K was most useful among these parameters, and nearly proportional to shear value of pollack fiber. As apparent viscosity K of minced fish paste was gradually increased by the addition of egg white or whey protein up to 15%, shear value of pollack fiber was also increased. As apparent viscosity K of minced fish paste was increased by the decrease of added water, shear value of pollack fiber was also increased. Any reasonable relationship between apparent viscosity K of minced fish paste and shear value of pollack fiber was not found on the effect of NaCl addition.

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一見なんでもないように見える筋収縮は, 実はタンパク質によって営まれている非常に高級な現象である. そこでは, 人工機械では達成し得ないような巧みな仕組みで, 化学エネルギーを力学エネルギーに変換している. この化学エンジンともいえる筋肉の動作原理の深い理解を通して生物分子機械のなぞに迫る.

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The application of dynamics of organisms to the field of engineering is very instructive. To construct an artificial propulsion mechanism based on bending of waves, a simulation study of a propulsion mechanism modeled on the bending motion of organisms in liquid was carried out. As the bending wave motion, flagellar motion was employed. In the simulation, the bending wave of the organism was converted to a construction of a multilink mechanism. This simulation model was defined as a "multilink model". Both the thrust force and the swimming speed of the multilink model were calculated. The characteristics of the thrust force and the swimming speed with changes in the bending waveforms and the number of bending waves were discussed.

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Oxyen consumption of the catfish eel Plotosus anguillaris was lower in fish of a group of 6 or 10 fish than in an isolated one. Mirror images did not lower oxyen consumption of an isolated fish. Group effect on oxygen consumption still existed in the dark. Oxygen consumption of an isolated fish in conditioned water introduced after flow through a container of 15 fish was lower than that of an isolated fish in fresh, unconditioned water, but still higher than that of fish in an actual group of 10 fish in fresh, unconditioned water. Oxygen consumption of an isolated fish was higher in fish which had been kept in a group of 5 or 10 fish before experimentation than in those which had been kept separately.
Fish in a group of 5 or 10 fish ingested larger amount of feed during one hour after feeding and showed larger increment of weight during 18 days than an isolated fish.

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カイコ蛾の交尾行動についての行動学的な解析の結果,次のような知見が得られた。
1) 性フェロモンを触角で感知した雄蛾が羽ばたきをしながら雌蛾に接近すると,主に前胸脚をつかって雌蛾の腹部,特に後部3体節付近に接触する。このとき鱗粉より受ける触覚刺激が解発因となって腹部を曲げて交尾を試みる行動を開始する。雄蛾は胸脚のみならず,触角でもこの鱗粉による触覚刺激を受容し,腹曲げ行動を解発することができる。
2) 雌蛾は雄蛾の翅または胸脚で腹部や翅に接触刺激を受けると誘引腺を収縮させて閉じ,雄蛾の交尾を可能にする態勢をとるとともに翅を垂直に揚げて,雄蛾の接近を可能にする。
3) 雌蛾の誘引腺を閉じる行動と翅を揚げる行動は非特異的な接触刺激でも触発される。
以上の結果をもとにカイコ蛾の交尾行動の一連のプロセスを推定,検討した。

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Tenderizing effects of kiwifruit (Hayward, New Zealand) protease on beef shank were studied. Some pieces of the shank were incubated at 37°C for 1 hour with homogenate of kiwifruit (piece A), with the homogenate inactivated by heating (piece B) or without any homogenate (piece C), then raw or inactivated homogenate was taken away and the pieces were boiled for 0.5 - 2 hours, It was conthat piece A boiled for 0.5 or 1 hour was softer significantly than piece C boiled for 0.5 or 1 hour, respectively, judged by Scheffe pair test. However, there were not significant differences in softness between pieces A and B boiled for 1 hour, or pieces B and C boiled for 1 hour by sensory paired difference test. So it was assumed that any thermostable factor might also be concerned on the tenderization. Furthermore, softness of piece C boiled for 1 hour was not significantly different with that of piece A boiled for 0.5 hour by the Scheffe test. Levels of f ormol nitrogen and extractive in soup stock prepared from piece A were higher significantly than those in that prepared from piece C. Quantity of formol nitrogen liberated from piece A was equal to that from the piece incubated with the raw homogenate at 7°C for 15 hours. It was also found by formol titration that rate of the digestion of shank, which had previously frozen and then thawed, by the kiwifruit homogenate was faster than that of raw shank and that the rate of stroma prepared from the shank was slower than that of the prepared myofibril or the homogenate of raw shank. Mallory's stain on boiled piece A gave some different reaction microscopically with that on boiled piece C.

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According to the method adopted for striated adductor muscles of scallop, purified actins were successfully prepared from the smooth adductor muscles of surf-clam, Spisula sachalinensis, and scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis.
1) Crude G-actins, extracted by the method of STRAUB, were found to be contaminated with a small amount of tropomyosin and paramyosin. These crude actins were highly purified by the method of SPUDICH et al. The yields of pure G-actins were 400mg and 150mg from 100g of smooth adductor muscles of surf-clam and scallop, respectively.
2) G-actin preparations were polymerized by the addition of 0.1M KCl; they had a viscosity similar to that of rabbit skeletal F-actin.
3) Reconstituted actomyosins from smooth adductor F-actin and rabbit skeletal myosin showed the characteristic properties of actomyosin, i.e. superprecipitation, high ATP-sensitivities, elevation of Mg²⁺-ATPase activity, and stabilization of Ca²⁺-ATPase activity.
4) From these results, it is concluded that the biological activities of actins from the smooth adductor muscles of surf-clam and scallop are essentially the same as those of actins from the striated adductor muscles of scallop and the skeletal muscles of rabbit.

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We made a semi-automatic measurement system using a personal computer in which centromeres of specific chromosomes in human tumor cells were labeled by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and the number of hybridized parts per nucleus was counted. In order to improve the precision of measurement, as basic data, the measurement was conducted to X chromosomes of normal lymphocytes. We propose a method to set the practical value of distance between adjacent spots; the spots closer than this distance should be considered to one spot.

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