本論文は，NPOに対し不信の眼差しを向けられているというデータを出発点として，その背景について検討したものである．先行研究から，政治・党派性忌避と

忌避という二つの仮説を設定し，JGSS〈2012〉データの二次分析と，新聞記事の計量テキスト分析及び内容分析という手法で，その妥当性を検証した．そのうち政治・党派性忌避の効果は，本分析の範囲では十分に認められなかった．逆に新聞記事分析から見えてきたのは，NPOという語と政治，運動，市民に関する言葉との連関が弱まってきたことである．他方，忌避に関しては，どちらの分析でも支持された．記事分析では，NPOの記事の総数が減る中で不正に関する記事の割合は増えた事が分かり，それがNPOのイメージを強化する恐れがある．不正の背景には新自由主義的な制度環境があり，それを改善することがNPOへの連帯を生み出すことにつながると考えられる．

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Mark Twain (1835-1910) exposed human hypocrisy in many his stories. “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg”(1899), written in his later years, is one of the best examples of such stories.
In this story, Twain describes good and evil in a truly complicated way. For example, Mr. Richards, one of the inhabitants of “the most honest and upright town, ” tells a lie, which is an absolutely evil act, but the lie will help another inhabitant, the Reverend Burgess, to escape from the attack of the town people. When Mr. Richards has been driven into a corner, the Reverend Burgess also tells a lie to help him and his wife, but the act causes their death. We can see Twain's criticism of hypocrisy in such descriptions of complicated good and evil.
In fact, Twain does not only show his criticism of hypocrisy, but also his idea of an escape from hypocrisy in this story. Freudian psychoanalysis can make this clear to us. Freud separates the human mind into three parts: the ego, the super-ego, and the id. In this story, the ego is embodied in Mr. and Mrs. Richards, the super-ego is the town itself, or “the principles of honest dealing.” In this case, however, the super-ego, which must naturally function as a beacon for morality, serves as a cause for hypocrisy, rather than a safeguard against it. What Twain presents as the alternative to the super-ego as a beacon is the id. Goodson, one of the important characters, shows us “the pleasure principle” in this story, so we can say he is the embodied id. He could easily ignore the moral order, or “the principles of honest dealing, ” and is hated by the town people, but Twain describes him as the only person who has the potential to help people in trouble, as his name indicates; that is, by embodying the id, he is the only person who can escape from hypocrisy.
Through the story “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg, ” Twain shows his criticism of hypocrisy by presenting the super-ego as the cause of hypocrisy. He also says we must at first accept that we must follow the id instead of following the super-ego, and this is the only way to prevent us from falling into hypocrisy. Such is Twain's sense of morality.

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