The Taihei-Shinkyo-Ryu (Kenjyutsu School) was founded by Wakana Shinkyosai, a masterless Samurai (Ronin), in 1778. This study aimed at explaining the situation behind Taihei-Shinkyo-Ryu, one of the Military Arts schools, among Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin.
Results are summarized as follows:
1. At the beginning of the. Edo Period, a group of Ronin (who were the last Takeda followers from the Kai District), were deployed at the crucial points in Hachioji for the defense of the Edo Castle by the Tokugawas. They were composed of three classes (Senninkashira, Kumikashira and Hiradoshin), and had to practice military arts.
2. After the Kansei Era, the Tokugawas encouraged Sennin-Doshin to practice martial arts, and at that time Wakana Shinkyosai taught his philosophy to Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin.
In case of Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin, the number of students was as follows: (for example, in case of Wakana Seishinsai >Shinkyosai's son< ) Senninkashira had 16, Kumikashira 11 and Hiradoshin 36.
In this way, members from all classes practiced Taihei-Shinkyo-Ryu.
3. The best student of this school was Shiono Tekisai, from Kumikashira. He spread the school philosophy to all classes of Sennin-Doshin. For example, during every winter, he practiced martial arts early in the morning with his students for about 50 days. The Dojo (practicing hall) was in the open air. It was so cold that they got their hands chapped, but they devoted themselves to practicing. Then, his Dojo came to be supported by Senninkashira. And some of students were selected to demonstrate Kenjyutsu in front of the Tokugawa Shogun and were given awards.
4. The philosophy was derived from Confucianism. The parents of students needed it for the education of their children. They wanted their children to become the students (Nyumon) at the age of 16.
5. Many Hiradoshin who lived in the village were farmers. So they harbored ill feeling toward Samurai who lived near the Edo Castle. But on the other hand, they had a dream to be promoted to higher classes.
6. Specially, in the Tama District, there ware a lot of Ronin who came from the Kai District. They continued to practice Kenjyutsu as the followers of the Takeda Clan, despite the fact that the practice of Kenjyutsu had been prohibited in the village. They were thought to be Samurai who had practiced Kenjyutsu.
7. And Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin wanted to be recognized as Samurai, so Shiono Tekisai set up his school with the Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin and became the chief mentor in many areas around Hachioji.

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Zensin-Mukei-Ryu Kenjutsu School (literally Zen Meditation-Intangible swardsmanship School)was founded by Shichirozaemon Minamoto-no Takesato Tajima (Takesato Tajima). a headman of Ogose Village (presently Ogose Town, Saitama Prefecture), influenced by Ohyama-Shinko (a Kind of mountainous folk belief) in AD 1800. The School had been prospering until 1830.
This study aimed at clarifying the plan made by the disseminators (mentors) of Ohyama belief who took advantage of Zensin-Mukei Ryu.
The results are summarized as follows:
1. In the middle of the Edo Period, many farmers of middle or upper class in the Bushu District (presently Saitama Pref. and its vicinity) wanted to practice Kogen-Itto-Ryo Kenjutsu School that had been established in the same district. Then, Takesato Tajima, one of the studens of Kogen-Itto-Ryu. founded another new school, Zensin-Mukei-Ryu in 1800, a branch split from Kogen-Itto-Ryu. It (Zensin-Mukei-Ryu) spread in Ogose Village and its vicinity.
2. Takesato Tajima and his 114 students dedicated a tablet to Kasuga Shrine of Ogose Village, on which the names of the members of Zensin-Mukei-Ryu were writen. On the Tablet we can also find the names of 21 disseminators of Ohyama belief in the Soshu District (presently Kanagawa Pref. and its vicinity), mixed with those of other students in the neighborhood.
3. Mt. Ohyama in Isehara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, is located 1252 meters above sea level. The faith in Mt. Ohyama was born in ancient days when farmers and fishermen in the Kanto District prayed for rain and good harvest. The disseminators of Ohyama had been propagating their belief around the kanto District for acquiring their followers. They organized “Ohyama-Ko”, a pilgrim association of having the same faith. They climbed together Mt. Ohyama and made a monetary contribution to Ohyama Shrine.
4. Then there had been several “Ohyama-Ko” around the Ogose Village. Takesato Tajima and his students also had faith in Mt. Ohyama. They had made a pilgrimage to Mt. Ohyama, and stayed with Sato Ohsumi, one of the disseminators, who was also one of the students of Takesato Tajima.
5. The disseminators of Mt. Ohyama had come to resort to force for protecting themselves from enemies whom they came across while spreading their belief. Before AD 1800, they had been the students of Kogen-Itto-Ryu. After 1800, however, they were converted to Zensin-Mukei-Ryu. This shows how the disseminators came to be affiliated with Zensin-Mukei-Ryu.
6. In short, the disseminators conceived that being the students of Takesato Tajima would help them to increase the number of their believers. On the other hand, Takesato Tajima, saw to it that he could take advantage of Mt. Ohyama's religious influence in order to expand Zensin-Mukei-Ryu. Thus, Zensin-Mukei-Ryu was established to promote mutual benefit with the disseminators of Ohyama belief.

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In this study, the authors attempted to elucidate the museum visitor's behavior on the space experience exhibition that was the "House of the Leader of the Hachioji Guards" in the Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architecture Museum. The authors conducted the visitor's tracking survey and created the observational data. According to the result of analysis, the more effective way to exhibit the historical house was obtained. The authors proposed that after the visitor's experienced on the hands-on behavior, the voluntary interpreter should contact with and guide the visitor more detail of house building science and history of the house.

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The Meiji Government took the reins of the government from the Edo Shogunate by Meiji Restration. Despite of this change, the greater part of administrative organizations of Edo Shogunage were taken over by the Meiji Government. There were some administrative fields which took over organizations of the Edo Shogunate, for example, finance, foreign affairs, home affairs, and so on. In this paper, I study the administrative continuation between Hakodate Bugyosho and Kaitakushi from 1868 ot 1876. Hakodate Bugyosho is one of the local agencies of the Edo Shogunate. Kaitakushi is the government office established in 1869 for the purpose of development of Hokkaido. These administrative organs were established at Hokkaido, and their duties had some points of similarity. Their similar duties were home administration of Hokkaido includes development, defense of Hokkaido and negotiations with consuls of Hakodate. Because of this, officials of Hakodate Bugyosho were employed at Kaitakushi continuously. But they were dismissed gradually after 1872. The reasons of this are the improvement of original administrative organization of Kaitakushi itself and the change of development policy by Kiyotaka Kuroda, vice-minister of Kaitakushi.

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