In Japan there have been many
utsushi-reijô (imitative pilgrimage courses) patterned after
Shikoku-hachijûhakkasho-reijô (Shikoku's 88 pilgrimage sites) and they are called
shin-shikoku (‘new shikoku’pilgrimage courses) or
mini-shikoku (miniature shikoku pilgrimage courses). These
shin-shikoku can be regarded as pilgrim courses in which the
Honshikoku (Shikoku pilgrimage course) model spread to various parts of the country and were transformed under local conditions. Meanwhile
shin-shikoku have been transformed historically since their establishment. In this paper the author focuses on the former regional transformation.
The area of the case study is
Shôdoshima-hachijûhakkasho-reijô (Shodoshima's 88 pilgrimage sites) on Shodoshima Island in Kagawa Prefecture. The procedure is first to compare
Shima-shikoku (the Shodoshima course) with
Hon-shikoku at the time of its establishment and find out what was imitated; next to determine how points differing from
Hon-shikoku originated in
Shima-shikoku. Results are as follows:
1. Similarities between
Shima-shikoku and
Hon-shikoku are that
fudasho (each pilgrim place) were placed at the periphery of the island so that pilgrims could go around it, and the direction of numbering from 1 to 88 was clockwise.
2.
Fudasho in
Shima-shikoku included all the
Shingon-shû (Shingon sect of Buddhism) temples in Shodoshima Island and all the highest-status shrines which later became
gôsha (district shrines). The rests were selected from priests' meeting halls,
oku-no-in (inner temples), wayside small temples, small temples at cemeteries, historic small temples, small temples at strange site features, and so on.
3.
Fudasho in
Shima-shikoku were placed in every village in Shodoshima. The number 1 is supposed to have been assigned to the nearest
fudasho to Koyasan-Temple.
Historical transformations include allocations of
fudasho, changes of
fudasho-numbers, rise and fall of
bangai-fudasho (extra pilgrimage places) and so forth. Even during these transformations
Shima-shikoku have tended to copy
Hon-shikoku in that the former have adopted the
sekisho (spritual barrier to sinners) found in the latter at an earler time.
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