平成元年1月から31年4月に当院を受診した大相撲

1,590例5,268件を対象に，部位別頻度とその内訳について調査した．体幹傷害1,325件（25.2％）の部位内訳は，頸椎355件（6.7％），胸椎・胸郭141件（2.7％），腰椎722件（13.7％）であった．上肢傷害1,115件（21.2％）の部位内訳は，肩関節323件（6.1％），肩鎖関節141件（2.7％），肘関節248件（4.7％），手・手関節326件（6.2％）であった．下肢傷害2,771件（52.6％）の内訳は，膝関節1,489件（28.3％），足関節427件（8.1％），足387件（7.3％）であった．全体の過半数を占める下肢傷害ではLM損傷やACL損傷が多く，ACL損傷223件のうち130膝に対して鏡視下ACL再建術を施行した．

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We treated eighteen cases of acromioclavicular joint dislocation in sumo wrestlers from 1982 to 2000. Their profile, methods of treatment, the number of absent season and the change of the ranking were examined. There were eighteen cases (Tossy's classification grade 2: eight cases, grade 3: ten cases). All eighteen cases were male. On average, their age was 19.5 years old, their experienced period was 3.0 years, their height was 180 cm and their weight was 120 kg. Their ranking were as follows: four cases were third division, two cases were fourth division, seven cases were fifth division and five cases were sixth division. Acromioclavicular joint dislocation accounted for 0.5 % in all sumo wrestlers injuries (18/3648). Operations were performed in five cases. Three cases were operated with modified Neviaser procedure. One case was operated with Dewar procedure. Another one case was operated with unknown method. Four of these five cases had escaped from the ring for one tournament after their operation and one case had escaped for two tournaments. Four cases continued sumo wrestling for 10.4 years on average(9.112.2 years). One case retired eight months after the operation. In thirteen conservative treatment cases, three cases had escaped from the ring for one tournament and the other ten cases did not escape. In the following tournament after the injury, four cases (grade 3: two cases, grade 2: two cases) promoted in their ranking and six cases (grade 3: two cases, grade 2: four cases) demoted in their ranking. Six cases returned to the same ranking or a better one than before the injury for four tournaments on average (two-six tournaments). Three cases ( grade 3: two cases, grade 2: one case) retired between two and five tournaments after injury. The operative treatment is recommended for grade 3 for sumo wrestlers and conservative treatment is recommended for a grade 2acromioclavicular joint dislocation.

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1898年から1991年までに幕内に入幕した664名を対象に,の年齢標準化死亡比(SMR)について同時代の日本人男性と比較した。さらに,1898年以降の出生者を対象として死亡率に対する種々の要因の寄与の推定を行った。
その結果は以下の通りである。
1.のSMRはいずれの年次においても有意に高く,年齢階級別にみると,35∼74歳のSMRが有意に高かった。
2.Coxの比例ハザードモデルによる解析からの死亡率に寄与する要因として,入幕暦年,BMIが抽出された。
3.生存率曲線において,入幕暦年の高値群,BMIの低値群はそれぞれ低値群,高値群よりも生存率が高かった。
以上の結果から相撲の高い死亡率は35∼74歳の高い死亡率によるものと示唆され,において,BMIの高値群は死亡のリスクが高いことが明らかとなった。

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of competitive ability to body composition, limb composition, and limb muscle strength in varsity Sumo wrestlers. The subjects were 26 varsity Sumo wrestlers. We measured the following parameters: body height, body weight, body composition [percent body fat (%Fat) and lean body mass (LBM)] by the underwater weighing method, skinfold thickness and muscle thickness of the limbs by the B-mode ultrasonic method, and thigh strength and upper arm strength at five angle velocities (-60,0,60,180, and 300 degree·s^-1)using a Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. We divided the subjects into an upper group (U group: n=14) and lower group (L group: n=12) on the basis of their competitive ability, and analyzed the measurement results. The following results were obtained.
1) The LBM of the U group was significantly higher (P <0.05) than that of the L group.However, there was no significant difference in body weight and %Fat between the groups.
2) In terms of the muscle thickness on the front of the upper arm, front of the forearm, and back of the lower leg, the U group showed significantly higher values (P <0.05) in comparison with the L group.Moreover, in terms of cross-sectional area of elbow flexor muscles calculated from the muscle thickness, the U group showed a significantly higher value (P <0.05) in comparison with the L group.However, there was no significant difference in skinfold thickness between the groups in any position.
3) In terms of thigh strength, comprising knee extension strength and knee flexion strength, the U group showed significantly higher values (P <0.05 or P <0.01) at all angle velocities in comparison with the L group.
4) The intergroup difference in knee flexion strength tended to increase as the angle velocity rose. The intergroup difference was within 24-29% at-60,0, and 60 degree·s^-1,36% at 180 degree·s^-1, and 39% at 300 degree·s^-1. In terms of knee extension strength, however, there was no relation between the intergroup difference and the angle velocity, and the differences were within 21-31%.
5) In terms of upper arm strength, comprising elbow extension strength and elbow flexion strength, there was no significant difference between the U group and the L group at any angle velocity. These results suggest that LBM, limb muscle mass, and thigh strength, especially knee flexion strength at middle and high angle velocities, play an important role in winning in Sumo wrestling.

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明治維新の断髪令が強力な政府の意思を持って施行されたなか、男子社会で断髪をまぬがれ、マゲを許されて生き残ったのが大相撲のマゲであった。以来たちは実生活の中で、マゲを結い、日本の伝統和風文化を実践してきた。土俵には屋形、四色の房といったしつらえ、神事における所作という演出のもと、マゲに廻しのたちが力と技を競い合う相撲競技は、江戸時代の趣を現代に魅力的に伝えている。そのたちの整髪料である「梳油」には髪を漆黒に輝かせ、髪を整えるという本来の目的のほかに、特有のにおいを発するという大きな特徴がある。上は横綱から下は新弟子に至るまですべてのが平等に用いる整髪料の香りは、いまでは多くの人に「お相撲さんのにおい」と印象付けられている。本稿は、この梳油の周辺を調査し、主に「におい」という観点から、梳油に関する歴史的、比較文化的な考察を試みたものである。

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江戸時代以来の伝統を、競技そのものにとどまらず風俗、習慣にまで色濃く留めている大相撲は、日本文化の面でも大いに魅力的な存在である。しかし時代も大きく変わり、若返りを繰り返してきたの生活環境、行動まで昔のままとは当然考えられない。彼らとて一般庶民と同じように現代人であるからである。たちが頭にのせているマゲに合わせて、着物で公式の場に登場しているのはよく知られているが、その日常生活における着衣は、和服一辺倒とは言い切れないものがある。本稿はそんな現代の「衣」に注目して、下着から着物まで調査と分析を試みる。そして相撲界における衣生活の歴史と礼法の基本を検証することで、最近乱れがちと識者より指摘を受けている彼らの「着装」に警鐘を鳴らすと同時に、将来も和服とともに生きていくであろう大相撲による正しい伝統の継承に大きな期待を託し、その今後に注目していこうとするものである。

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外国人の急増で、国技大相撲の危機が叫ばれている昨今だが、彼らはみな大相撲の世界に敢然と取組み、努力してきた男たちである。彼らはいい意味でハングリーで根性が座っている。立派な体に驚くほど、日本古来のマゲが似合ってきている。その意味では彼らによって日本の伝統が国際的に新たに認められ始めたといっても過言ではないだろう。ここに、現代に生きるマゲのひとつとして、の世界に見られる、マゲの魅力を再確認するために、マゲが日本から失われた時代と、この美風を残すためにがんばってきた先人の歴史と、マゲの今を考察する。

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A number of investigators have been concerned with the anthropometric as well as physical characteristics of sumo wrestlers during the past several decades. However, none have attempted to determine body density and percent body fat by the most accurate technique of hydrostatic or underwater weighings. Thus, a precise quantification of body density and percent body fat for the wrestlers has not yet been obtained. Ogawa et al. (1972) have predicted the body composition of sumo wrestlers from a formula which added the triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses. As the regression equation used in this instance was based on samples of normal young men, it may not have great predictive accuracy when used on the exceptional population of very stout athletes.
The purposes of this study were : (1) to assess the validity of percent body fat estimation by skinfold thickness measurement when compared to the hydrostatic weighing criterion method ; (2) to determine the interrelationships between anthropometric variables for use in the clear assessment of the physical characteristics of ‘Shindeshi’ sumo wrestlers ; and (3) to thereby develop a formula that would reliably predict percent body fat using skinfold thicknesses and/or anthropometric measurements in this exceptional population. The interrelationships between anthropometric and body composition variables were investigated using 35 Shindeshi sumo wrestlers, aged 15-20 years (X=16.5±1.5) .
The results of the present study can be summarized as follows.
1. The Shindeshi in the present study possessed physiques more developed than those tested in the past, as evidenced by Rohrer's and Ponderal Indices which were approximately 180 and 26.2, respectively. The development of body weight was particularly notable (i.e., over 100kg) .
2. Percent body fat for the Shindeshi was remarkably higher than that of a normal population of the same age, with approximately seventy percent of the Shindeshi possessing more than 20% body fat and less than 1.05000 body density.
3. Body density and height correlated negatively and insignificantly with almost all the variables. In contrast, correlations of body weight, circumferences, and all other variables were, in most cases, high and positive, with body weight correlating least with height. The skinfold measurement correlating best with % body fat was that taken at the thigh site (r=0.898) . The circumference measurements correlating best with % body fat were obtained at the thigh (r=0.888 and 0.831) and the abdomen (r=0 885) parts.
4. Of the six formulae for estimating % body fat, Sloan's correlated best with % body fat as determined by densitometry, and best approximated the mean value of 24.5%. However, all of the equations underestimated the measured % body fat of the Shindeshi.
5. When an exceptional population is being investigated, estimation of % body fat should be done with a population specific equation to ensure predictive accuracy. The following multiple regression equation (r=0.963) should, therefore, be utilized for estimation of % body fat in sumo wrestlers.
Y=0.2488x₁+0.6172x₂-14.3962 where x₁ and x₂ are abdomen circumference and skinfold thickness at thigh, respectively.

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巨大な体格, 豪力の持ち主であると考えられている現役上位) (関取) の形態, 機能の測定および調査を行ない, 種々なる検討を試みた。
形態的な測定
1.関取の平均身長は180.2cmと, 日本人としてはずばぬけて大柄な集団であるが, スポーツ選手の大型化を考えるとき, 特筆すべき特徴とは考えられない。
2.体重は平均122.2kgと超重量級で, ローレル指数も平均210.5と異常に近い充実度を示し, この超肥満体にの特徴がみられる。身体の軟組織に富む周囲径, 特に腰囲は, 114.9cm, 臀囲は115.7cmと著しく大きく, 皮脂厚 (3部位の合計) も109.9mmと驚くべき肥厚を示し, の体型の特徴は皮脂厚の異常なまでの発達にあることがわかる。
機能の測定
3.背筋力の平均は181kg, 握力左右平均47.9kgと予想したほど大きくなく, オリンピックの重量挙や投擲選手以下である。筋力の測定方法等に問題があるにしても, 筋力は形態に比べ予想外に発達していないと考えられる。
5.垂直とび47.9cm, サイド・ステップ35.1回, 腕立屈伸21.4回と, 体重が負荷となるテストでは体重の影響が問題となり, スポーツ選手としては著しく小さい。
6.しかし, 身体の柔軟性や全身反応時間等は肥満体にもかかわらず, さして劣っていない。
7.被検の平均肺活量は4918.6mlで, 巨体の割には小さい。
8.ステップ・テストの評点は平均49.4, 体重増が負担となり, 同年令成人より著しく劣っている。
総体して, 形態の発達に比べて, 呼吸循環器系機能の発達が明らかにアンバランスになっていると考えられる。
の発育・発連
9.一部関取の形態につき, 過去4年間の測定結果を追跡調査した結果では, 身長の伸びはほとんどみられないが, 体重, 胸囲の発達は著しく, 特に体重では6～29kgの著明な増大がみられた。
10.上位と下位のを比較すると, 上位は形態, 特に体重, 周囲径が優れており, 機能面では上位と下位の間にそれほど著明な差違は認められない。したがって, 相撲競技では, 形態の大小が勝負に大きく関与していると考えられる。
11.以上の結果を総括してみると, は形態の発達には著しい特徴が認められるが, 機能面では, 他種目の一流スポーツ選手と比較し, 伸びが著しく劣っている。
これらについては, 伝統的な練習方法や稽古, 生活様式等に考慮すべき問題があると考えられる。
謝辞: 本研究は文部省の特定科学研究費, IBP.HA班の研究助成金をえて実施されたことを銘記しておく。なお, 本研究について, 多大の理解と好意を賜った日本相撲協会の武蔵川理事長, 故秀の山監事, さらに直接御協力を願った各部屋の親方, 責任者, 関取衆に感謝の意を表するものである。

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Since 1947 to June 1954 we have taken measures six times on 11 points of physical strength such as the height, the weight & the girth of the chest, etc. and athletic' function such as the grip, back muscles etc. on 52 novices or new in 1947, while 31 of them have retired from the dohyo, and 21 are left.
At the beginning because of training the weight had decreased, but after 2 years and half it began to increase. After 3 years and a half, on account of training of the body, especially the upper part of the body, grew round. The girth of the chest, waist, , , upper arm and under arm and width of the shoulder, chest and hip had grown well, .. when 3 years and a half passed, the growth was evident, eg. sumo physical proportion..
On the growth of the chest, increment of the transverse diameter was more than. that of the anteroposterior diameter which shows the similar tendency on the growth of the judo-men as reported by Mr. Shioya.
In a comparison with ordinary people, the grip is stronger than back muscles and in spite of the growh of the body, athletic function has not grown so much because of injury by hard training.
Generally speaking, among those who retired within a year many had been squat at the begining, short in height, and heavy in weight, and did not increase in height.. Among those who retired within two years and a half, many had increase in height to a certain degree but the expected increment in weight was not satisfactory.
A comparison of active and retired sumos, most of the former showed graduaL, increment in weight and most of the latter lost weight and required consideradle amount of time to recover. The formor excelled the latter in height and weight from the beginning.
To be a good sumo requires training and a mind which is able to endure thetraining, as well as inherent physical strength.
During the pennant seasons of 1948, 1949, and 1950 absorption of food of the junior grade of wrestlers without regards to the seasons were 3500-4000ca1.

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