This paper is an attempt to formulate the derivational process of Japanese and English sentence adverbials based on universal rules and principles along the line of Greenbaum (1969), Ross (1973), etc., and to account for four semantic constraints imposed on sentence adverbials concerning the ‘scope’(‘focus’) of
Q, NEG, IMP, and
Sentential Pronominalization (abbreviated as
SP) in terms of the concept of ‘functional stratification’(Langacker 1975 and Sawada 1975). The constraints are represented by (1):
(1) Sentence adverbials, in principle, are not included within the scope (focus) of
Q, NEG, IMP, and
SP.
Predicate adverbials, by contrast, are free from such constraints as in (1).
The explanation of (1) proposed in this paper is mainly based upon a recent linguistic and philosophical study of ‘performative sentences’ or ‘illocutionary force’ of an utterance (Austin 1962, Searle 1969), and also upon the concept of ‘chinjutsu’(‘modality’) in traditional Japanese linguistics (Yamada 1936, Tokieda 1941). I propose and argue the following principles:
(2) An utterance (or sentence) consists of three strata: a ‘performative stratum’(highest), an ‘attitudinal stratum’(middle), and a ‘propositional stratum’(lowest). The first and the second ones both indicate ‘illocutionary force’, and the last one, ‘propositional content.’
(3) The scope (focus) of
Q, NEG, IMP, and
SP does not stretch into an ‘attitudinal stratum.’
(4) Sentence adverbials belong to an ‘attitudinal stratum.’
Principles (2)-(4), which are of epistemological character and are deeply related with speech act theory, account for naturally and systematically the otherwise mysterious and inexplicable constraints in (1).
Finally, the above principles can be justified on independent grounds, and sentence adverbials prove to be a sub-set of a wider range of ‘subjective’ expressions, as is the case with ‘epistemic modals, ’ or ‘parentheticals, ’ which also belong to an ‘attitudinal stratum.’
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