A transferred employee may take his family along (taido-funin), or have to temporarily move and live alone (tanshin-funin), leaving the family behind. Two hundred and thirty-nine (239) taido-funin transferees, 247 tanshin-funin transferees, and 225 non-transferred employees completed a 31-item questionnaire designed to measure stress responses on the present level. Factor analysis found five factors for the stress: feeling of instability, poor health, loneliness, loss of self-confidence, and feeling of elation. Results indicated that (1) in general, tanshin-funin transferees felt more stressful than the oher groups. However, family separation might not be as bad as expected, because while it did cause loneliness and poor health and decrease feeling of elation, the transferee self-confidence was actually increased. (2) The transferee rank did not affect the effects of family separation. (3) Besides, stress responses were measured on 31-items on the difference between present and past levels. According to the results, tanshin-funin transferees believed that psychological stress due to family separation was especially harmful. The effects of family separation depended also on the conceptual levels of measurement.

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This study attempts to compare job-induced separated families with non-separated families in terms of the relations between participation in and commitment to the husband's company and the husband and the wife's perceptions of their family system. Also, this study discusses how the connection between the husband and his family their influences his family system. The major findings about separated families were as follows: 1) Husbands began to worry about their spouses and children. However, the wives felt that degree of their husbands' participation did not correspond to the size of the problems. 2) A wife whose husband was concerned about his family's well-being felt that she must keep her home in good order. On the other hand, when the husband was not concerned about the family, the wife's expectation of the spouse's help did not induce the husband to contribute. 3) The frequency of husband's return to the home was related to his participation in the family, and the wife's perceptio was influenced by the frequency of the spouse's telephone calling.

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This study examined the influence of husbands' absence on wives' psychological stress. Women whose husbands transferred with (N=180) or without (N=229) being accompanied by their families, completed questionnaires about stress reaction, childcare anxiety, children's problem behaviors, parent-child communication and fathers' cooperation with child-care. ANOVA analysis revealed that women who did not accompany their husbands (tanshin-funin) reported more stress reactions such as,“feeling lonely”,“anxiety” and “poor physical condition” than did women who accompanied their husbands (taido-funin). Results of path analysis indicated that (1) tanshin-funin wives' child-care anxiety accounted for twice as much variance in their stress reaction, compared with taido-funin wives', and (2) tanshin-funin children's early delinquent behaviors influenced their mothers' child-care anxiety and stress. In addition, tanshin-funin wives recognized that their spouses' father/husband role performance affected children's problem behavior and women's stress. These data suggest that physical husband/father absence does not have so much of a direct negative effect on their families' well-being, but physical absence plus functional absence lead to more child's problem behavior, and wives' child-care anxiety or negative stress.

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単身赴任

者と家族同居者における生活習慣，ストレス状況および健診結果の比較―MYヘルスアップ研究から―：森山葉子ほか．東京大学大学院医学系研究科公衆衛生学―目的：全国に支社を持つある金融保険系企業の男性従業員を対象に，生活習慣，ストレス状況および健診結果について，有配偶者と有配偶同居者との比較を行うこととした．対象と方法：2004年の定期健康診断を受診しており，かつ同年に実施した質問票による調査に回答した男性のうち，有配偶であり40代および50代の事務職である3,026名を調査対象とした．質問票の配偶者はいるかとの問いに，「はい」と答えた者を同居群，「はい（中）」と答えた者を群とした．生活習慣については運動，飲酒，喫煙習慣など12項目を，ストレス状況については，質問票内の職業性ストレス簡易調査票の下位尺度から，活気の低下，イライラ感，疲労感，不安感，抑うつ感，身体愁訴の6項目について喫煙者と非喫煙者を層化してχ²検定で分析した．健診結果についてはBMI，収縮期血圧，拡張期血圧，空腹時血糖，GOT，GPT，γ-GTP，総コレステロール，中性脂肪，HDLコレステロール，赤血球，白血球を用いて，との関連を年齢と喫煙を共変量として回帰分析で検討した．結果：群は同居群と比較した結果，運動・喫煙・飲酒・食生活・休日日数などの生活習慣が好ましくない者が多く，ストレス状況では喫煙者においてイライラ感と不安感，抑うつ感が高く，健康状況を示す健診結果については，総コレステロール，中性脂肪，白血球数が高かった．結論：本研究は，有配偶者において食生活などの生活習慣が好ましくない者が多く，ストレス状況のイライラ感と不安感，抑うつ感が高く，健診結果において脂質関連の数値が高いことを示した．

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The effects of long-term husband absence on wives' stress reaction and child-care anxiety were examined in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Women whose husband was transferred together with his family (taido-funin, N=180) and those without his (tanshin-funin, N=229) completed a questionnaire of their own stress reaction and child-care anxiety. Five years later, they were again asked to complete the same questionnaire. Of those who participated in the second survey, husbands of 25 wives were still away as tanshin-funin, those of 51 returned and rejoined his family, and 37 families remained as taido-funin. Results of ANOVAs were as follows: Women whose husband continued tanshin-funin reported more stress reaction than those whose husband returned. Expectation of long-term absence was more harmful than that of brief absence. Expectation of long-term absence was more harmful than actual long-term absence. Expectation as well as actual experience of long-term absence had worse effects on wives who had older children, e.g., of college age, than those with younger ones. Finally, no effect of prolonged husband absence was found on child-care anxiety.

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A survey of the food habits of businessmen staying with or away from their families, working in Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka and Sapporo, Japan, was carried out in September 1986. The following results were obtained. 1) Nutrient intake was as follows; 2, 200-2, 300 kcal total energy, 75-85g protein, 55-66g lipid, 260-280g non-fiber carbohydrate, 2, 500-2, 900IU retinol potency, 1.1-1.3mg thiamin, 1.3-1.5mg riboflavin, 58-77mg ascorbic acid, 370-500mg calcium, 10-11mg iron, 5, 000-5, 500mg sodium, 2, 400-2, 800mg potassium, 1, 100-1, 300mg phosphorus, 230-250mg magnesium, 14-18mg zinc, 2.4-2.8mg manganese, and about 1.2mg copper. 2) The percentages of energy intake were 15.2% for breakfast, 30% for lunch, 40-44% for dinner and 10.5% for snacks between meals on average. 3) Intakes of calcium and ascorbic acid in young businessmen away from their families were very low compared with the other groups and young businessmen were found to drink a large amount of alcohol every day.

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無作為に選んだ仙台市内の者168名に, 食生活状況を中心として調査を実施したところ, 次の結果を得た。
1) 仙台市内の者は関東地方からが多く (東京, 神奈川等), 赴任年数は3年が多かった。年齢は40歳代以上が80%を占め, 全員が男性である。
2) 赴任地において常に配慮している点は, 家族の問題に関して, 40歳代が“子どもの教育”, 50歳代以上では“家族の健康”であり, 自分自身の問題に関しては全ての年代が“健康”である。
3) の日常生活において, 最も苦労しているのは食生活であった。
4) 者の60%が規則的に食事を摂取し, 不規則者は夕食に多くみられた。
5) 食事作りに携わっているのは, 中高年齢層に多くみられた。
6) 摂食の量は中高年齢層ほど“腹8分目”を心がけている。
7) 偏食をしない者は68%であり, 偏食者は各年代に存在し, 長年の食習慣を改めるのは困難にみうけられた。
8) 食品群別摂取状況をみると, 米, 小麦製品は全ての年代が毎日摂取しており, 魚肉類, 卵, 大豆類は若年齢層ほど摂取頻度が高い。油脂類は中高年齢層ほど摂取頻度が低く, 若年齢層と比較して差がみられた。緑黄色野菜は淡色野菜に比較して, いずれの年齢層においても摂取頻度が低かった。牛乳, 小魚類, 海藻類は中高年齢層に摂取頻度が高かった。
9) 嗜好品の摂取頻度は, 酒は中高年齢層に, コーヒーは若年齢層に高く, タバコは30歳代に高く, 年代別特色がみられた。
10) 後は“太る”傾向にあり, 原因は, アルコール飲料の摂取量, 食事量等の増加, 運動不足, 食事の節制ができない, 等の理由であった。

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