Glass panes used for fire protection windows has not only flame barrier performance but also parts requiring scattering prevention performance, crime prevention performance and impact resistance in the event of breakage of the glass in some cases, laminated glass is often used . In general, Poly Vinyl Butyral is used as the interlayer. Furthermore, in combination with Low-E glass which has become very popular in recent years, combined double glazing glass which has a radiant heat reduction effect is also used. Fire protection window with tempered fire resistance glass has passed the certification test based on know-how of each manufacturing company so far and has been adopted after various fire certification, but there are not standards for ensuring clear fire prevent performance.
 Regarding heated glass on fire, the test data was accumulated on the single glass, the insulated glass unit (IGU) and the Low-E IGU based on the fire test, and the thermal stress generated in the glass can be explained by grasping the temperature difference were revealed. However, the temperature properties of the laminated glass composed of the tempered fire resistance glass to be heated are not systematically clarified, and it is necessary to obtain basic knowledge.
 Therefore, in this study, considering the behavior of laminated glass and laminated IGU made of tempered fire resistance glass which is heated based on the knowledge obtained in the previous report.

 The fire test condition is shown below.
 ·These fire tests were performed for Laminated glass and Laminated IGU.
 ·Tempered fire resistance glass was mainly located on fire side.
 ·Fire tests were performed along the ISO834 Heat Curve for each specimen.
 ·The temperature of the glass was measured by thermo couples with a data logger.
 ·Surface Compression, Edge Cover of Glass, and Emissivity of Low-E glass were treated as parameters for heat stress of glass, ΔT and breakage factor of the glass were checked by fire tests.
 ·Laminated glass by heating is affected by the interlayer, its behavior is confirmed.

 Findings are as follows.
 (1) As the temperature difference between the glass surface and the edge increases, high surface compression stress is required.
 (2) The temperature difference between the glass surface and the edge increases as edge cover becomes deep, and the glass tends to break more easily.
 (3) The interlayer of the laminated glass foams and a layer of air is formed, and the temperature of the surface of the unheated side glass tends to be low. When the interlayer foams by heating, a foamed part and an unfoamed part are generated.
 (4) If Low-E glass is used in laminated IGU, the emissivity of Low-E glass influences the foaming time of the interlayer and the failure behavior of the unheated side glass.
 (5) Transmission of radiant heat flux of laminated glass and laminated IGU on fire was estimated.

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金沢を代表する伝統工芸品である加賀友禅を

パネルとし，駅などの公共の場における意匠建築材として使用した事例を，金箔あるいは和紙パネルの使用事例とともに紹介する。

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The load resistance of laminated glass to a special pressure record obtained from a wind tunnel test was investigated by the reliability design method using the FEM and failure probability theory. In the stress analysis of the rectangular float laminated plate glass comprised of polyvinyl butyral interlayer, the interlayer was modeled as a linear visco-elastic material. The results showed that the allowable pressure of failure probability of 0.001 was 0.8 to 1.1 times larger than that of monolithic glass at 20℃ and 0.6 to 1.0 times larger than that of monolithic glass at 50℃ for flexibility ratio (length of short dimension / total glass thickness) ranging from 56 to 222.

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Square specimens of laminated glass having different glass layer and polymer layer thicknesses were prepared and tested under impact loading. Impact absorbed energy was measured using an instrumented drop weight testing system. The measured energy was then divided into two parts, namely, energy I and energy II. The energy I is related to the initial fracture of glass layers, and the energy II is associated with the subsequent crack propagation in glass layers, plastic deformation and shear fracture of polymer layer. The energy III is defined as the total absorbed energy, i. e., the sum of the energy I and II. Effects of glass layer and film thickness on these energies were examined. The energy absorbed by each of the three mechanisms, glass fracture, plastic deformation and shear fracture of polymer film, was estimated independently by conducting a unique impact testing method designed for each mechanism. For each configuration of laminated glass, an analytical value of impact absorbed energy was derived from these energy values, and compared with the three energies I, II and III. Good correspondence was then obtained, and thus, impact fracture behavior of laminated glass was qualitatively characterized.

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Square plate of laminated glass, whose interlayer is the polyvinyl butyral, are impacted transversely by a circular steel ball. The impact critical energies U_c and U_p which are the energy to initiate a crack in the outerlayer glasses and penetration energy of the ball, are measured by changing the dropping height of the ball. The static bending strength and U_c are depending on the total thickness T of glass in the laminated glass. But, U_p is independent of T and depends on the thickness of the interlayer. The penetration fracture of the laminated glasses consists of three steps. The first step is until initial cracks initiate in the outerlayer glasses, the second fracture is the bending fracture of the laminated glass and the third is the fracture due to shearing the interlayer. Considering the relationships mentioned above and material properties of the laminated glasses, we can propose the penetration formula for estimating U_p. The validity of this formula is discussed in terms of the results of experimental and theoretical examination.

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日本における外装材の耐風性能は、これまで強風による耐風圧性能に関してのみ評価されることがほとんどであり、また、飛散物に対する破壊についての耐風性能の評価方法がないのが現状である。さらに、日本において強風による建物被害を見たとき、飛散物による被害が多いことが特徴として挙げられるが、なかでも瓦等の屋根葺材の飛散による被害が多くみられる。ISO規格による耐衝撃性能試験では木片や、小さな飛散物を模擬した鋼球を加撃体とした試験が行われるが、瓦等の屋根葺材を加撃体とした試験には対応できない点が問題であると考えられる。そこで、加撃体として瓦を用いた衝撃試験を行うことができる装置を開発し、瓦を加撃体として用いた場合の、の耐衝撃特性を明らかにするとともに、ISO規格で用いられる標準加撃体による結果とも照らし合わせ、瓦と同等な衝撃力をもった加撃体を明らかにした。

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Square plates of laminated glass, whose interlayer is the polyvinyl butyral, are impacted transversely by a circular steel ball. The impact critical energies Uc and Up, which are the energy to initiate a crack in the outerlayer glasses and penetration energy of the ball, are measured by changing the dropping height of the ball. The static bending strength and Uc are dependent on the total thickness T of glass in the laminated glass. But, Up is independent of T and dependent on the thickness of the interlayer. In the laminated glass, the crack initiates from the glass of the impact side, and the next cracks initiate from the glass of the side on the reverse of the impact side. The penetration fracture of the laminated glasses consists of three steps. The first step is until initial cracks initiate in the outerlayer glasses, the second step is the bending fracture of the laminated glass, and the third step is the fracture due to shearing of the interlayer.

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Impact fracture tests of laminated glass were performed using an instrumented drop weight testing apparatus. Different types of fracture mode were obtained by changing input energy and fracture absorbed energy was evaluated for each of the fracture modes. The experimental results clearly exhibited that large amount of energy absorbed through the deformation and fracture of the middle polymeric layer results in higher impact resistance of laminated glass than that of single glass. The result of strain measurement on the glass surfaces showed that the free glass layer fractured prior to the impact layer under this impact condition.

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Even though the importance of protecting windows from windborne debris under strong winds, there are still no available building codes or standards for their protection to building cladding in Japan. By contrast, some specifications for cladding performance under impact from windborne debris, including testing methods, exist in some foreign country and ISO standards. It is necessary to investigate the impact performance for roof tiles, representative windborne debris in Japan, in order to make domestic codes or standards. We made a new designed air cannon which can propel not only steel balls and a lumber but also a roof tile as missile. A series of impact tests based on ISO 16932 was conducted on laminated glasses by various missiles. This paper described the results of the impact performance and proposed standard missiles those include a lumber missile with equivalent destructive power to roof tiles.

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自動車のフロントガラスなどに用いられるのリサイクルにおいて，その切断技術の確立が望まれている．本研究では，CO2レーザによる切断を試み，比較的に切断速度が高く加工時間の短縮化を目指し，その切断特性を明らかにすることを目的とした．

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外装材の耐衝撃試験のために加撃体を射出するエアーキャノンを試作し,ISO16932に準じたに対する飛散物の耐衝撃試験を行った。加撃体の衝突により無傷であれば試験に合格、加撃体が貫通すれば不合格とし、貫通せずにひびや小さな開口が開いたものは圧力試験を行った。

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This paper describes the analysis of impact fracture of asymmetrically laminated glass, which consist of two different thickness glasses and polyvinyl butyral film, using the discrete element method (DEM). Asymmetrically laminated glass beams with both ends fixed are analyzed when a cylindrical rigid body impacts on the center of beams with a certain initial velocity. The DEM is applied to simulate the impact fracture behavior of several asymmetrically laminated glass beams. From the numerical analysis it is obvious that the first peak value of impact force of asymmetrically laminated glass having impact surface at the thinner glass side is less than one of laminated glass and penetration energy of asymmetrically laminated glass is larger than one of laminated glass. From above reasons, it is concluded that asymmetrically laminated glass is in safety than laminated glass as windshield glass.

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For the windshield of automobiles, laminated glass with bilayer glass of the same thickness and interlayer polyvinyl butyral is usually used. Recently, asymmetrically laminated glass with thinner inside glass is used in order to reduce the weight without loosing the safety. On the other hand, it is well known that the impact strength of the laminated glass is infulenced by the initial crack occurred after car crashed. In this study, the symmetrically and asymmetrically lamineted glass are impacted through the airbag by the striker shot from a special experimental apparatus. The fracture behavior of the laminated glass without and with three types of the initial crack, are observed and compared. Based on the analysis results of the corresponding discrete element models, the impact fracture mechanism of the lamineted glass is investigated.

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Square plates of laminated glass, whose interlayer is the polyvinyl butyral, are impacted transversely by a circular steel ball. The impact penetration energy Up, which is the penetration energy of the ball, is measured by changing the dropping height of the ball. The penetration fracture of the laminated glasses consists of three steps. The first step of fracture is until initial cracks initiate in the outerlayer glasses, the second fracture is the bending fracture of the laminated glass and the third is the fracture due to shearing the interlayer. Considering the relations mentioned above and material properties of laminated glasses, we proposed the formula for estimating Up. The validity of this formula was discussed in terms of the results of experimental and theoretical examinations.

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Primary load-bearing members used in glass structures, such as columns consisting of glass panels, are frequently subjected to in-plane loading. Its allowable stress for safety design appears to be a significant subject. By analyzing the results of static (without repeated loading) and cycling compression loading tests, the authors explore the mechanical features and failure mechanism of the tempered glass panels subjective to in-plane compression loading, including its ultimate stress and buckling load. In addition, a statistical method based on the experimental results is adopted to evaluate the allowable compressive stress. The experimental results show that the ultimate loads of specimens with high slenderness ratios satisfy Euler's critical load formula. In contrast, the ultimate loads of specimens with low thickness ratios distribute in a certain variance range. For the cycling loading test, after 30 times of repeated loading with maximum stress equivalent to 2/3 of the ultimate static stress, the average strength is almost the same or bigger than that of static loading tests. No fatigue fracture due to repeated loading was found for the tempered glass panels. Consequently, the allowable stress for in-plane compressive loading can be formulated based on Euler's critical load formula for a glass panel with a bigger slenderness ratio. The formulation for the allowable compressive stress of a glass panel with a smaller slenderness ratio is promoted using statistical analysis with a 95 percent confidence level for the safety design.

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鋼球と鉄製のナット、および、砕石を用い、同じ質量をもち、形状や材質の異なる加撃体を衝突させた際のガラスの耐衝撃性能の変化を明らかにした。300mm× 300mmの正方形普通フロートガラスを標準試験体とし、その破壊開始衝突速度で加撃体の衝撃力を比較すると、同じ質量であれば、鋼球によって加撃した場合が衝撃力の大きな衝突が最も多く、ナットが最も少ないことが判った。砕石については、大きな衝撃力を伴う衝突も見られるが、形状が一様ではなく、飛翔中の姿勢や衝突の状況のばらつきも一番大きいことがわかった。
鋼球と砕石を加撃体として枠付きガラス製パネルに衝突させ、パネルを構成するガラスの種類と衝突位置による耐衝撃性能の変化を調べた結果、ガラスが割れ始める加撃速度は化学強化が最も高く、強化、フロートと網入りのの順に小さくなった。また、鋼球の方が砕石よりも衝撃力が大きかった。測定に用いた高速ビデオカメラの映像は解像度が高くないので、加撃体側の衝突位置や角度を定量的に測定することはできなかったが、衝突時の姿勢の変化は判別することができた。その結果から、砕石の衝突においては回転せず、ガラスと砕石の角が衝突し、その角と砕石の重心を結ぶベクトルが速度ベクトルと一致するような衝突をした場合に、大きな衝撃力を発生させていることが推測された。

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It is important to know the impact fracture behaviors in the safety design of the laminated glass plate. However, the three-dimension analysis for the impact fracture behaviors of the laminated glass plate is not done over the current. In this research, the impact penetration fracture when the impact body collides with the center of the laminated glass plate is analyzed by PFC3D. It is the general three-dimensional program that uses the Distinct Element Method (DEM). DEM is suitable for the analysis of the fracture behavior of the non-individual body and the break-up body. The analytical results are compared with the experimental one and the validity of analytical results are checked. By this research, it is obvious that the penetration speed and the loss energy increase as the impact velocity, radius and mass of the impact body increase. Moreover, the relations between the parameters of impact body and fracture behavior are clarified.

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Laminated glass is used as the front glass of vehicles and window glass of buildings. Comparing with general glasses, it is difficult to be penetrated, even if the glass is broken. In this study, we focus on the crime prevention laminated glass used for the window glass of buildings. We have changed tensile strength and adhesive strength of the laminated glass and clarified how these strengths can affect the fracture behavior of the laminated glass by discrete element method (DEM). Next, we have optimized the strengths and considered about good condition of the laminated glass based on response surface methodology. The tensile and adhesive strengths were selected as design variables, and maximum distance of the striker was selected as objective function. It was found that when the tensile strength becomes bigger and the adhesive strength becomes smaller, it is difficult to be fractured. However too small adhesive strength can cause detachment. From the results of optimization, the best condition of the tensile and adhesive strengths in the laminated glass could be clarified.

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