江戸時代の都市を対象とした歴史人口学は史料的な制約があって難しい。しかし見方を変えて,町人とは階級の異なる大名を都市住民と考えることにより,彼らの分析が可能になる。武士階級に関しては宗門改帳とはタイプの異なる記録史料である系譜を利用することができるからである。17世紀後半から19世紀前半にいたる200年間の乳幼児死亡率を求めると,それぞれ乳児死亡率は,193.2パーミル,幼児死亡率は229.6パーミルである。両者ともに,18世紀後半から上昇しはじめ19世紀半ばには対象とする期間のなかでもっとも高くなった。その原因は,乳幼児を取り巻く環境の悪化だけでなく,母体のおかれた環境の悪化にある。このような環境の悪化の具体的な内容として,消化器系疾患の広がりが考えられる。18世紀以降,都市化の進展や高い人口の流動性が,まず都市のなかで人口密度の高い町人居住地区に消化器系疾患を広めた。続いてそれが人口密度の低い武士居住地区に広がったために,大名の乳幼児が多く死亡したと考えることができるのである。

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The political process from the first year of Meiji to the fourth is regarded as the development of centralization by means of the policy which makes fiefs the same local administrative district as prefectures ("Sanchi-itchi"). And the core of it is to dismember "Shizoku" (ex-Samurai) by "Chitsuroku-shobun". The subject of this paper is to make it clear that "Chihanji" (land administrators) abolished fiefs of their own accord or intended to do so when they found that policy unable to realize because of "Sizoku"s strong request of the maintenance of their privilege. The execution of "Chitsuroku-shobun" was an important authority of "Chihanji", which made him meet with accute opposition of "Shizoku" and "Chitsuroku-shobun" insufficient. This is the cause of the difficulty of the realization of "Sanchi-itchi". They found a way out of the financial deadlock in the dismemberment of "Shizoku" by returning them to the farm and changing their stipend into securities. But because of the strong request of the maintenance of their priviledge, both the ways were insufficient, so that the financial condition of fiefs were still in difficulty. Thus "Chihanji" was confronted with the difficulty of the realisation of "Sanchi-itchi", so that he lost his confidence of managing fiefs. And he decided to abolish fiefs at their own will or accepted "Haihan-chiken" as unavoidable. In the case of the former, most of them did it after the promulgation of "Hansei". (institution of a fief) in September the third year of Meiji. For "Hansei" compeled the reform to make old fiefs new which was the same as "Fu, Ken" mainly from the regulation of a finance whose core is "Chitsuroku-shobun" to raise funds to redeem the debts of fiefs.

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