In the twelfth month of 1134, with the backing of the retired emperor Toba, the appointment of Kakuban as the abbot of both Kongobuji _??__??__??__??_ and Daidenbo-in _??__??__??__??_ was established. Two years later, from the third to the sixth months of 1136, disputes between the choja-gata _??__??__??_ faction (claiming that the abbot of Kongobu-ji must be the abbot [choja] of To-ji) and the Kakuban-gata _??__??__??_ faction (insisting that the abbot of both of the above should be a monk from Koyasan) expanded over the issue of the abbotship of Kongobu-ji. On the seventeenth day of the eleventh month of that year, Kakuban wrote the Hongan shonin gokajo no chushinjo _??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_ to retired emperor Toba entreating him to affirm the appointment he had approved of in 1134. This text basically supports the Kakuban-gata position.
The Hongan shonin gokajo no chushinj? presents five points. It states that retired emperor Toba and Shingon Buddhism are, respectively, the highest of people and the highest of Buddhist schools. Since the highest person had already made recommendations for the highest Buddhist school in 1134, those decisions must stand unchanged regard less of any disputation. The appointment of people to administrative roles must be based not on seniority but on their wisdom _??_.
Kakuban's insistence on the importance of wisdom in this text is derived from the Dacheng liqiu liuboluomiduo jing _??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_ (Taisho 261).

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We developed the prototype of dispenser proposed with the 1st Report. The dispenser is composed of 2 degree of freedom actuators which were driven with a giant-magnetostrictive alloy and a DC servo motor. The experiments for continuous and intermittent printing were achieved by using this dispenser. The viscosity of the material is or more 10Pa.s and containing the powder body of a particle diameter 5∿10μm. (1) Continuous printing with high accuracy at starting and ending edges of printing line by the combination contorol of squeeze pressure and rotational speed of motor. (2) High-speed intermittent printing on a 0.001 second level. The developed dispenser has the responsiveness of 10∿50 times in comparison with the conventional types.

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The ward pharmacist received a report from ward nursing staff that an aggregation formed when lansoprazole OD tablets and ground levofloxacin tablets were suspended simultaneously in water. In this study, we elucidated the factors of aggregation focusing on additives, the main drug, and pH in suspension, and also considered ways of preventing the aggregation. To elucidate the contribution of additives in levofloxacin tablets, drugs containing similar additives to those of levofloxacin tablets were suspended with lansoprazole OD tablets in water, but no aggregation was observed. Levofloxacin hydrate intravenous drip infusion (pH 4.8) did not form an aggregation with lansoprazole OD tablets, meanwhile levofloxacin hydrate intravenous drip infusion adjusted to pH 7.3 and levofloxacin hydrate solution adjusted to pH 7.3 formed an aggregation with lansoprazole OD tablets. When lansoprazole OD tablets and ground levofloxacin tablets were suspended in a buffer solution of pH 5.0, pH 6.0, and pH 7.0, no aggregation was observed in a buffer solution of pH 5.0. When generic lansoprazole OD tablets and generic lansoprazole capsules were suspended with levofloxacin tablets in water, aggregation was also observed. On the other hand, the aggregation of lansoprazole OD tablets was not observed when lansoprazole OD tablets and levofloxacin tablets were suspended in apple juice. According to the above results, factors related to the formation of the aggregation were involved in the preparation of lansoprazole, levofloxacin hydrate, and around pH 6.0, and the suspending of lansoprazole OD tablets and levofloxacin tablets simultaneously in acidic drinks such as apple juice is means of avoiding the aggregation.

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For patients experiencing dysphagia, especially those who have undergone neurosurgery and have been prescribed multiple medications, the simple suspension method is a useful way of simultaneously administering multiple drugs. However, little is known about the incompatibility of drugs administered simultaneously according to this method. In the present study, we assessed the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredients remaining in the suspension on suspending sodium valproate, warfarin potassium, amlodipine besylate, and magnesium oxide simultaneously. When the Norvasc^®OD tablet was suspended with Magmitt^® tablet, the recovery amount of amlodipine remaining in the suspension decreased significantly in an exposure time-dependent manner. The decrease in amlodipine was also observed when the Norvasc^®OD tablet or amlodipine besylate was suspended in a basic buffer (pH 10). Furthermore, the decrease was accompanied by degradation of amlodipine. These results suggest that the degradation of amlodipine caused by the increase in pH led to the decrease in amlodipine. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that it is necessary to pay attention to simultaneous suspension of amlodipine and drugs that increase the pH of the suspension.

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In case of difficulty in oral drug administration to patients with dysphagia, the simple suspension method is useful for administering a drug by a nasogastric tube, and is used in many medical institutions. However, information on the simultaneous application of multiple drugs by the simple suspension method is insufficient. In this study, we used aspirin, clopidogrel sulfate, lansoprazole, atorvastatin calcium, and amlodipine besylate, which are commonly used in patients with cerebrovascular disease, to evaluate the suspensibility, nasogastric tube passability, and stability of the active ingredient in the simultaneous multiple suspension method. Under the conditions of four agents (excluding amlodipine besylate) and five agents, the entire suspension can be passed through the nasogastric tube by changing the nasogastric tube diameter or changing the suspending procedure, with no decreases in recovery of the active ingredient after passing through the nasogastric tube.

However, under the conditions for a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel, and for aspirin alone, the recovery rate of aspirin after passing through the nasogastric tube was low, suggesting that the simple suspension method should be applied carefully under a particular set of conditions. In the combination tested in this study, changes in formulation resulted in no decreases in the content of drugs, and the recovery rate after passing through the nasogastric tube was increased with an increase in the number of combined preparations. This information obtained by the present study might be useful for applying multiple drugs by the simultaneous suspension method.

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The ancient-medieval Japanese document by the name of shobunjo 処分状 has been considered as identical to the document, yuzurijo 譲状, which was prepared at the time when property was transferred. However, the term shobun originally meant "to deal with a pending matter," then the meaning was expanded to include "the distribution of inheritance," from which shobunjo developed. Its relationship to inheritance can be traced back to the Yoro Ryo 養老令 code that allowed persons to freely "distribute" their wealth to their chosen heirs. On the other hand, while shobunjo functioned to clarify the estate, yuzurijo functioned to specifically guarantee the inheritance due to each heir. Since the transferor had the right to decide how his property would be divided among his heirs, his shobunjo would list all of his wealth and all of the heirs to it and would be handed over to the next head of his household (ie 家), while yuzurijo would be handed over to each heir recording his/her share of the total property. Since the intent of shobunjo included the preservation of the ie, it differed from yuzurijo in both purpose and form. Therefore, the origin and function of the two documents becomes clear: Shobunjo not only listing the details of the whole estate, but also designating the next head of the ie, yuzurijo indicating to each individual heir what share of the estate he/she was entitled.

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The Konkomyoji-Shakyojo 金光明寺写経所 is the Sutra copying office which was managed by Kogogushiki 皇后宮職 from the 15th year of Tenpyo 天平 to the 19th year, and is famous for re-using the backs of official documents concerning local political and economic activities reported from local administrators. In this paper the author intends to make clear the total circumstances surrounding the Konkomyoji-Shakyojo, paying attention mainly to changes of its system, in order to contribute to better clarifying the Tenpyo era. The central mechanism of the Konkomyoji-Shakyojo was the office called Shasojo 写疏所. Its main duty was copying Gogatsu-tsuitachikyo 五月一日経, which was ordered by Komyokogo 光明皇后 and at this point in time it had already finished copying the Kyo 経 (the original Sutra) and had started on the So 疏 (the annotation of original Sutra). In April of the 15th year of Tenpyo the Shasojo resumed the copying of Gogatsu-tsuitachikyo, and at the same time it started copying Taikan-Issaikyo 大官一切経, but discontinued it before the end of the year. The office for the Taikan-Issaikyo was called Do 堂. In January of the 18th year of Tenpyo the Taikan-Issaikyo was resumed in the form of the Sensha-Issaikyo 先写一切経, and at the same time the office started another Issaikyo. It was called Kosha-Issaikyo 後写一切経 in contrast to the Sensha-Issaikyo. We can see Nando 南堂 as the office of Sensha-Issaikyo, and Hokudo 北堂 as the office of Kosha-Issaikyo. From that time on it became the custom to divide Kanshakyo 間写経 (the copyed Sutra by extra order) between Nando and Hokudo. Each office has an manager. The manager of the Shasojo actually had responsibility for the whole work of the Konkomyoji-Shakyojo, since the Shasojo had the wherewithal for integrating the whole office ; and incidentally in the 18th-19th year of Tenpyo the head of the office was Shihi Maro 志斐麻呂, who was famous for the Tsugime-Urahu insignia, "志," (the sign written on the back side of joined documents to justify the juncture). Shasojo was the secretariate of Konkomyoji-Shakyojo. In the winter of the 19th year of Tenpyo we can see Todo 東堂 and Seido 西堂 instead of Nando and Hokudo. Through this adjustment which included removals of Sutra copying structures, Kon-komyoji-Shakyojo had been dissolved for a better administrative setup, the Zotodaijishi-Shakyojo 造東大寺司写経所. The author thinks of that the studies of Shoso-in-Monjo 正倉院文書 (one of the document collections of the Nara 奈良 period held in Shoso-in) have been prevented from progressing on account of the fact that, first, for the most part Shoso-in-Monjo had lost its original organization due to a number of re-arrangements beginning with Hoida Tadatomo 穂井田忠友 ; secondly, the collection should not be called munuscript but essntially account books ; and thirdly, the collection is apt to be kept at a distance as very exceptional historical materials because it was put together in a peculiar ancient government office -the Shakyojo. Since it is impossible to ignore the unique history of Shoso-in-Monjo as a material to be utilized in the study of ancient history, we should make every effort to clarify the true value of it by detailed. inspection. This paper is one attempt to do just that.

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