The Zaohe (The Zao River), located in west of the central Xi'an, works as a drainage. About 80% of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater flows into the river directly, so that BOD₅ is always around 200 mg/1 and the river has off-flavor. These problems have harmful effects on ecosystems, and are regarded as a disincentive to economic growth. In this study, firstly, a tank model, applicable to analyze hydrological circulation in semiarid climate, is developed. Secondly, a water quantity and quality integrated model, composed of the conventional tank model and kinematic wave model and the 1-D advection-dispersion equation is established. Thirdly, water quality on BOD, SS, DO and NH₄⁺-N in the Zaohe is simulated with this model. In calculation, not only natural water budget such as precipitation and evapotranspiration but sectorial water use are included. Finally, the efficiency of water conservation measures is investigated by using this model. In conclusion, the simulation results have a high correlation with the observed data on water quality. BOD₅ concentration and groundwater level-down in the Zaohe basin are improved drastically with introduction of bio toilet and water reuse and recycle system, and increase in wastewater treatment.

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  Focusing on Zhenmupings buried in tombs of the Houhan period, this paper identifies the characteristics of the calligraphic styles found on Zhenmupings in line with an archaeological indication that finds two groups among them. The paper also examines the background that produced the two groups of Zhenmupings.

  Zhenmupings are classified into two types based on their location in the tomb, addressor, and shape: the Henan type, and the Shaanxi type. In line with this approach, the author classified Zhenmupings into these two groups and analyzed them from the perspectives of calligraphic style, letter shape, letter placement, and lettering style. The results indicated the existence of the two groups in Zhenmupings also in terms of calligraphy, with a significant difference between them found in the use of formal or informal lettering styles. Since calligraphers of Zhenmupings are considered to have been able to manage more than one lettering style, it is reasonable to presume that they recognized each of the two lettering styles as an independent style.

  In addition, the results of integrated examinations of overall elements that differentiated Zhenmupings into the two groups indicate that the differentiation occurred during the period around the reign of Huandi, with the possibility that the popularity of the spirit of Guoli played a role as a background factor in facilitating the differentiation.

  This paper looks at the significance of Zhenmupings as clues to an understanding of the recognition of lettering styles by the people in those periods and as materials to understand changes in spirit during the later Houhan period. Thus, the paper has significance from the perspective that it suggests the materialistic value of Zhenmupings, to which less attention has been paid traditionally.

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 The purpose of this article is to identify the characteristics of the origin of the earliest wooden structures in China: specifically, we worked to identify the process of development of architectural technology in the Yellow River basin of northern China from cave dwellings to structures with a wooden pillar and then to wooden structures. For this objective, we investigated the research materials from the excavation of structures in China from the Neolithic Age, focusing on the Yellow River basin of northern China. The main target of our research was pit dwellings with wooden pillars, semi-pit dwellings and ground-level dwellings in the earliest stage. As a matter of chronological order, the most primitive type of wooden structure developed into ground-level dwellings in the earliest stage in the Yellow River basin and further progressed to dwellings with post-and-lintel construction built on the base.
 We found that central pillars had appeared in the base-to-ridge post style among semi-pit dwellings, which had developed from the pit dwellings with wooden pillars, and among the earliest ground-level dwellings. Earlier, in the case of cave dwellings with wooden pillars, one of the pillars added to the dwellings was built on the ground of the cave, reaching the top of the structure. Hence, we confirmed that in those cave dwellings with wooden pillars, there was no division between the supporting pillar and the superstructure.
 Cave dwellings with that type of wooden pillar running from the ground to the top had the base-to-ridge post structure in the sense that the support pillar and the superstructure were not separate. We concluded that the base-to-ridge post structure was already present as early as the time wooden pillars were added to cave dwellings.

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　族譜は、宗族を形成する柱の一つとして、古くから編纂されてきた。だが、その用途は時代によって異なり、宗族の成員を確認するためという側面が主となる宋代以降に対し、古代においては出自や社会的地位の証明としての意味合いが強かった。何世代前までを祖先として意識していたのか、族譜資料に乏しい唐代以前について、祖先祭祀の範囲から推し量ってみると、王権の正当性を示す必要のある王室以外は、殷代から戦国時代のいずれの時代も、おおよそ遡って三世代から五世代の範囲であり、それが儒家思想に影響し、漢代以降へと続いていく。だが諸侯たちの始祖伝承は、政治情勢社会情勢の変化に応じて、創作されていった可能性がある。周代以降、王朝の始祖に感生説話が付与されるようになるが、漢王朝は建国者の劉邦自身に感生説話を語り、少なくとも前漢の『史記』編纂の段階では、劉邦を古帝王と結びつけるような系譜の創作をしなかったところに特徴がある。

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2-アミノフェノールと第一級アルコールからのアクセプターレス脱水素型ベンゾオキサゾール合成に有効な酸化チタン担持触媒を開発した。触媒活性は，チタニア担体，イリジウム前駆体およびイリジウム担持量に依存し，特に[Ir(cod)Cl]₂ (cod＝1,5-cyclooctadiene)をイリジウム前駆体とするJRC（触媒学会参照触媒）-TIO-10担持触媒が最も高活性を示した。本触媒は多様な第一級アルコールに適用可能で，それぞれ対応するベンゾオキサゾールが良好な収率で得られた。また，本触媒は容易に回収 · 再利用可能であり，反応加熱時ろ過試験等の結果から不均一系触媒として機能していることが示された。有効な触媒の表面には直径2 nm未満の高度に分散し容易に還元可能なイリジウム種が形成されており，優れた触媒活性の要因であると推察される。

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中国初期庭園における先行研究は主に文献史料を引用してその様相を描こうとしたが、現存する明清以降の庭園と文献史料の関連記録から初期庭園の有様を推測し、中国の庭園は初期から自然風の山水園であったと主張する傾向が強い。そこで、本稿では中国初期庭園の発掘遺跡を中心とし、補助的に当時の文献史料や絵画資料とも対照した。その結果、中国の初期庭園では、人工美と秩序を重んじた幾何学的デザインが主流であること、園池に用いられた曲尺形の意匠は王室庭園だけに許された様式であること、中国の古代庭園における直線的護岸の園池は、中国固有の起源を持つものであること、が明らかになった。

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動力を伝達するナイロン歯車の運転経時に伴う歯形変化の防止法として前報までに二つの方法を提案し,その効果を実験で確認してきたが,本報ではこれらよりも簡単に行なえる方法としてナイロン歯車を正転位することを提案した.正転位歯車は歯元の歯厚が増し歯がたわみにくくなる反面,歯のすべりが大きくなるので本報では各種の転位係数のもとでナイロン歯車の歯の摩擦などを調べ歯形変化の防止法としてこれが有益な方法であるかを検討した.

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鋼歯車とかみ合うナイロン歯車の歯形変化の防止法として本報では鋼歯車に歯形修整を施すことを提案すると共にその適正修整量を実験で求めた。その結果、鋼歯車の歯形修整量Δa(分)は次式でよいことがわかった。Δa=ζ(T_c・T/0.98b)+ξ ζ:歯車変化の変化値[(分)/(N・m/m)・s]、T_c:ナイロン歯車の歯のかみ合い周期(秒)、T:ナイロン歯車に作用するトルク(N・m)、b:歯幅(m)、ξ:歯形変化の基本値(分)

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プラスチック歯車は自己潤滑性があり騒音を発生しないなど多くの利点をもつが、負荷能力と耐磨耗性がないのが欠点である。本研究は軟質歯車がどのように歯をたわませながら力を伝達するかを明らかにして、負荷能力を増す方法や歯面の溶融や異常磨耗の発生機構を説明している。この解析から異常磨耗を防止し、負荷能力を増すには、かみあい率2以上、たわんだとき正規の形状になるような歯形の採用を提案している。

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 In recent years, with the economic development and the improvement of living standards in China, the energy consumption has been increasing significantly. To create a sustainable society, it is important to clarify the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the residential sector, especially that in the urban houses because China is in the process of urbanization.
 Studies on the residential energy consumption in China have been carried out in Japan as well as China. Yoshino et al.¹⁾ have made clear the energy consumption of apartment houses for six Chinese cities by surveying; Zhang et al.²⁾ clarified the energy consumption for the capital cities in China in 1997 using the official statistics, developing a model predicting energy consumption in the residential houses in China; Ning et al.³⁾ investigated the structure of energy consumption using the Chinese statistics; Yu et al.⁴⁾ clarified energy consumption by questionnaire surveying and simulations for six Chinese cities; Ling et al.⁵⁾ investigated the consumption of electricity and gas for 23 areas in Beijing and made clear the average energy consumption except energy for district heating. All these studies can be classified into two methods: statistical and survey methods. With the statistical method, researches often face the problem of lacking the items needed in their researches; but with the survey method, it is difficult to tell if the results can represent the reality. Because the statistical method is based on large number of residents, it is used in this study. All the studies mentioned above have not been able to make clear the trend of energy consumption in the urban houses, nor the CO₂ emissions caused by the energy consumption.
 In this study, based on Chinese statistics, unit energy consumption for 277 Chinese cities is clarified during the period of 2002-2012. The emissions of CO₂ caused by energy consumption per household are also analyzed. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
 (1) Energy consumption per urban household increases from 12.3 GJ to 23.1GJ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The percentage of each kind of energy was clarified;
 (2) The emissions of CO₂ per urban household increases from 1, 689 kg CO₂ to 3,559 kg CO₂ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The weight of CO₂ emissions caused by different kinds of energy resources was made clear;
 (3) Energy consumption and CO₂ emissions per household in the capital cities is 1.44-fold and 1.42-fold of the average, respectively.

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  Among the bamboo and wooden slips, there are “practice slips” that show signs of learning letters, words, and calligraphy. These slips clearly show how the copyists of the time learned to write. This paper analyzes the calligraphy of bamboo and wooden slips found in the late Later Han Dynasty, and tries to understand how the copyists of the time attempted to learn the letters and calligraphy, and to discuss their awareness of the classification of calligraphic styles as seen in the slips and the formulation of new commonly used calligraphic styles.

  The main copyists of the time were clerks deeply involved in the administration of documents, and they were expected to accurately master about 3,000 useful characters, write them in multiple calligraphic styles, and pay attention to the beauty of the characters. As shown in the practice slips of the late Later Han Dynasty, it can be seen that they were aiming to master multiple calligraphic styles and also used different calligraphic styles depending on the content. Also, since the new commonly used calligraphic styles found in the practice slips have calligraphic features in common with Shaanxi-type Zhenmuping and Dongpailou Houhan Jiandu Shuxinjian, it can be said that the formulation of the new commonly used calligraphic styles was considerably advanced. At the same time, some of them were also seen learning stroke and dot, indicating that they were aware of the artistic aspect of protecting typicality. Therefore, behind the formulation of new commonly used calligraphic styles, we can assume a normative awareness to consider them as a single calligraphic style and an aesthetic awareness to protect a certain type of typicality.

  Although it is difficult to discuss the formulation of new commonly used calligraphic styles only with the practice slips because of the significant material limitations of the slips, the results of this paper can be considered as supporting evidence for the formulation of new commonly used calligraphic styles.

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