From the results of two preceding papers, it seemed advisable to investigate the effect of two antivirals i.e. streptothricin-3 and chartreusin, on the growth of PR₈ virus, comparatively at the same time. Canavanine sulfate in addition was used as an inhibitor in order to analyse the reacting phase of the afore-mentioned antivirals, because the stage where canavanine acts coincides with that of p-fluorophenyl-alanine and may presumably has the effect on the protein synthesis of the virus.
First experiment was performed with these three antivirals in order to determine the effect of time of addition on virus growth.
Second experiment was conducted by examining the differential response of the viral growth every 2 hours. By means of this response, the late effect of each antivirals on the virus growth has been measured accurately and in simple fashion. The experiment was as follows; i.e. 6 hrs. after infection, similarly infected membranes were put in the new flasks which contained these antivirals respectively, and each membrane was transferred to the other new antiviral containing medium every two hours. The production of hemagglutinin was tested in each flask.
All of the result obtained in the above experiment seems to suggest that the sensitive stage to these 3 antivirals are different in each other and in the order of chartreusin, streptothricin-3 and Canavanine sulfate, from earlier to later.

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In the previous communication, the mode of action of streptothricin-3 on the growth of influenza virus has been studied in a tissue culture system using chorioallantoic membrane as host cells. In the studies to be reported here, chartreusin, chemically quite different antivirals from streptothricin-3 has been tested just in the same manner as was done in a previous examination.
The isolation of crystalline chartreusin from a filtrate of a streptomyces designated as G72, and the mode of action of the agent on the growth of T₃ phage has been already reported by Kaneko.
The result of this study will be summarized as follows:
1) The potency of the substance did not destroyed when incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs., in the tissue culture system employed.
2) As low as 25mcg/ml was the minimum inhibitory concentration when 10⁵TCID₅₀ of the PR₈ virus was used as inoculum. However, with concentration of 12.5mcg/ml, comparable good growth to the control was obtained. In other words, changing small range of concentrations gave considerable difference on the inhibition rate. This fact was also observed by Anzai, independently.
3) Sensitivity phase during the course of virus development to this agent was examined and the addition of the substance 3 hrs. after infection did not inhibit the virus growth, while the addition at 0 and 1 hr. gave complete inhibition. This finding will suggest that chartreusin sensitive stage may exist earlier than that of streptothricin-3.
4) Depending upon the inoculum size, the effect of the substance on the growth of virus varied. This fact, however, has to be studied more throughly in a light of Anzais work, in which he found the contrary result by different analytical procedures.
5) Reversibility of the action of the substance to the host cell was observed when normal chorioallantoic membrance was treated with the substace for 5 hrs. before infection.
All of the evidence illusrated here may suggest the different site of action of the afore-mentioned 2 substances, i.e. streptothricin-3 and chartreusin and will be discussed further in detail in an accompanying paper.

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As the preliminary study, growth characteristics of four viruses, i.e. influenza A (FMI), influenza B (Lee), Hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ, Fushimi) and NewCastle disease virus (46-9674) have been examined in the tissue culture system using a piece of chorioallantoic membrane removed from 15-day old chick embryos as the host tissue. Among the four viruses tested, HVJ showed a characteristic growth curve when compared to the other three, i.e. long latent period for the cycle growth. The tissue culture system employed was also discussed with regard to its sensitivity of estimating alive virus particles, when compared to the egg infectivity titrations. In general, the former technic was more insensitive when compared to the latter in detecting particles and the difference lying between there two methods was most remarkable with HVJ.
In the culture system described above myxoviromycin, two different kinds of streptothricins, sinanomycin (netropsin) and G-72 (chartreucin) were tested for their activity to inhibit the virus growth. When the per cent inhibition was plotted on the ordinate against the log concentration of any drug on the abscissa, characteristic inhibition curve was obtained with each antibiotics. However, in order to inhibit the growth of four viruses, the concentration required with each antibiotics was almost in the same order. With higher inoculum size in the tissue culture system described above, higher concentration of myxoviromycin was necessary to inhibit the growth. However, the fact was not the case with the remaining antibiotics.

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Henry Swinden's The History and Antiquities of the Ancient Burgh of Great Yarmouth in the County of Norfolk is one of the most remarkable achievements in historical writing in the eighteenth-century England. It has almost one thousand pages, filled with narratives based on documents. In one chapter, Swinden provides detailed narratives on political conflicts in Yarmouth during the 1620s and 1630s between a group of puritan aldermen and their anti-puritan opponents. The anti-puritan aldermen attempted to introduce a less popular form of town government by revising Yarmouth's charter. Each group struggled to secure considerable backing at court. Privy councillors advised town's ruling elites to accommodate internal disputes as quickly as possible.
However, in some crucial points, Swinden's narrative distorts the facts. Swinden shows no sympathy for the non-puritan aldermen. He also underestimates the importance of the part played by the earl of Dorset, the high steward of Great Yarmouth, who tried to protect that corporation from full-scale division. Through the intensive research on the Swinden's narrative, this article tries to show how an eighteenth-century historian understood the political conflict in the preceeding century.

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Studies on the site of action of various antivirals including caprochlorone, chartreusin, 2, 5-dimethyl-benzimidazole, 5, 6-dichlor-1-b-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole, myxoviromycin, canavanine sulfate and dinitrophenol were conducted against PR8 virus growth in chorioallantoic membrane and Sendai virus growth in L cells.
Firstly, these antivirals were tested against the growth of PR8 virus in a tissue culture system, consisting of 2.0ml of Hanks'solution and 4 pieces of chorioallantoic membrane together with the attached shell.
The results obtained in the system are as follows:
1) These antivirals in fairly high concentrations did not show any inhibitory tendency of viral hemagglutination. They were not virocidal and their inhibitory effect on the adsorption stage was also excluded as far as tested with 2 or more times of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Thus the inhibition of virus synthesis within the cell was suggested as the site of antiviral activities.
2) Determining the sensitive stage of the virus growth to these antivirals, chartreusin, 2, 5-dimethyl-benzimidazole and 5, 6-dichlor-1-b-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole were grouped as an early active agent, and caprochlorone, canavanine sulfate, dinitrophenol and myxoviromycin were grouped as the late active antivirals. In other words, latter antivirals were active even when added at late stage of the incubation.
3) On the basis of calculating chemotherapeutic index, myxoviromycin was thought to be the best among these antivirals.
Secondly, these antivirals were examined their effect on the growth of Sendai virus in Earle's L cells.
The results obtained in the system may be summarized as follows:
1) All these antivirals showed the toxicity to L cells and the concentration which inhibited the growth of virus was around the vicinities of their toxic concentrations.
2) Both myxoviromycin and caprochlorone inhibited the cytopathogenic effect of the Sendai virus in addition to the inhibition of hemagglutinin production at critical concentrations. With other antivirals tested here, cytopathogenic effect of the virus was not affected even when the hemagglutinin production was impaired.
3) Myxoviromycin, in a wide range of concentration, showed the toxicity of low grade and within this range, the antibiotic inhibited the growth of the Sendai virus.

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STEAM教育活動の一環として、科学研究体験（Science）と，撮影編集機器を活用して（Technology）その科学研究体験を映像化する表現活動（Art）を組み合わせた3日間の中学生向けプログラムを企画し，実践を行った. 科学映像は、社会に科学を伝える媒体として科学の情報流通において一定の役割を果たしており，学習においてデジタル教材などの科学映像資料を利用する機会も増えている．一方で、教育現場において生徒自身が科学映像をつくる機会はまだ少ない．本実践では，生徒自身による科学映像制作活動の普及を目指して，生徒の映像製作に対する印象や難易度などをアンケートにより調査した．その結果，体験した中学生全員が映像作品を完成させるに至り，科学体験内容の映像化は多くの生徒に「楽しい」と感じられる活動であることがわかった．

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Simultaneous and efficient separation of sperm whale and horse myoglobins were examined by use of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for insulins described in our previous reports. The separation of both myoglobins was reported here under isocratic elution system on a column of Nucleosil CN with a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing sodium perchlorate as mobile phase.

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