関東地方を通過したの降水系を気象官署とアメダス観測所の地上観測データと筑波レーダーのデータを用いて調べた。この降水系は小低気圧と関東の西方の山岳地帯の影響をうけた。この小低気圧はもともと500mb以下の短波の谷に伴っていたが、地面加熱により強められた。低気圧が発達するに従い、暖かい南よりの風が組織化され、この流入により地上付近の活発な対流がひきおこされた。対流雲は地上付近で発生し、寒気側に動き、そして消滅した。低気圧が関東地方を通りすぎると、関東地方の南風はやみ、地上付近の対流性の雨もやんだ。
　寒気は山岳地帯にせき止められ、う回した。関東地方における地上の進行は北側や南西側におけるそれより遅かった。

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日本における性降水の地域的・季節的な特徴を明らかにし,降水・雲・風その他の気象要素の解析から,それに働く地形効果を理解することを目ざした.性降水についてその識別方法を設定し,相当温位に着目した分類によって40の事例研究を重ね,結果を帰納的に導き出した.日本海側でその降水量の多くなる確率が高く,風下山麓から太平洋側にかけて無降水になりやすいが,伊豆諸島方面で再び降りやすくなる.また,夏季には特有の降水パターンを生ずる.中央日本についてはメソスケールの観点から事例解析を行ない,の移動速度や降水強度などに与える地形効果,ならびにスコールの発生状況をある程度解明することができた.さらに高層解析により,降水の高率域では前線通過前に南西系の暖湿な下層ジェットが出現しやすいのに対して,低率域ではその出現率が低く,逆に前線通過後の北西系のジェットが比較的出現しやすいこと等の知見を得た.

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The influence of a cold front (CF) on the onset of Meniere's disease was investigated. A major CF is difined by the meteorological observatory as fulfilling the following conditions: 1. falling temperature (>5 deg), 2. rising humidity, 3. strong wind more than 10 m/sec, 4. rain or snow, 5. thunder, 6. wind shifting from south to north-west. This occured 14 times in 1992. The passing of a minor CF is decided from weather maps. Major and minor CFs occured oneclench for five days in winter and for 10 days in summer.
The influence of CFs on Meniere's disease was evaluated by the time n method and the results were compared with those of patients with sudden deafness and with Bell's palsy.
The onset of Meniere's disease had its highest incidence just after CF passed. The histogram of the number of days between the passing of a CF and the onset of Meniere's disease indicated a normal distribution. On the other hand, in patients with Bell's palsy the onset was most frequent one day before the passing of a CF, and in those with sudden deafness no specific concentration was observed.
From these results we concluded that the onset of Meniere's disease was influenced by the passing of a CF and that this influence was more specific in Meniere's disease than in Bell's palsy or sudden deafness.

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Meso-scale structure of a cold front is analyzed, using the data from radar and surface meteorographs. The principal results obtained from this analysis are as follows:
1. This cold front is accompanied by many line echoes having a definite orientation (ca. 35°-215°).
2. There are many generation areas of echo cell along the surface of cold front, where convective cells are generated successively. The generated cells remove to leeward (NE), increasing gradually. Thus many line echoes are formed, which extend from the cold front toward the definite direction. And so the line echoes become parallel to the vector difference between the moving velocity of cell and that of generation area. As the echo cells move with 600-700 mb wind and the generation areas move with 700-850 mb wind, the line echoes would be also parallel to the vertical wind shear between the two levels.
3. As a result, where the cold front runs from NNE to SSW, the line echo is situated on the warm air side of cold front and constitutes the so-called prefrontal squall line. While where the front runs from ENE to WSW, the line echoes are arranged on the cold air side and compose the mesoscale pattern of precipitation behind the cold front.
4. The mechanism of generation area is not studied in detail, however, a minor cyclone formed on the cold front is accompanied with several generation areas and considered as a large generation area as a whole.
5. In order to discriminate the cold front from prefrontal squall line, the analysis of pseudo-wet-bulb potential temperature is performed.

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We investigated the influence of a cold front (CF) on the onset of Meniere's disease (MD) and concluded that the onset of MD was influenced by the passing of a CF. But it was not clear whether patients with MD were stressed by the passing of a CF or the passing of a CF directly influenced the inner ears. Among the patients with MD who visited the Neuro-Otological clinic of the Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital from 1987 to 1992, 67 were sure of the date of the first attack and were chosen for the study. In 36 the first attack was on a day when a CF was passing or on the next day, so they were studied epidemiologically.
1) Age: more of these 36 patients were over 40 years of age than in the group of 31 patients with no definite relationship between CF and MD.
2) Hearing: in the 36 patients hearing was poorer than in the others.

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In the eastern part of Asiatic Continent, mainly in the eastern part of Tai-hang Mountains and southeastern part of Khingan Mountains, dust-storms occur frequently and sometimes reach the central part of Japan. They corresponds to the dust-storms in the eastern part of Rocky Mountains in America. Such flying sand particles are called “Kosya”, which means yellow dust, in our country.
The dust-storms occur most frequently in spring as in America. In spring many cyclones with fresh cold fronts, along which T_A masses are forced to rise by P_A masses, are generated in the regions of South Manchoukuo and North China. Very dry sand particles are lifted up to about 4000m by ascending currents caused by cold ronts and carried away with upper air currents of the moving anticyclones whereby the sand particle, descend continuously. The actual falling velocities of sand particles (5μ-25μ) agree with the velocities calculated by the formula of Stokes-Cunningham. The diminution of solar radiation by “Kosya” is on the average30% of the normal day at Hukuoka, about 1400 kilometers of distance from the origin.

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By the investigation of 89 waterspouts which occurred during the 23 years, from 1926 to 1947, we obtained the statistical results as follows:
(1) The cause of occurrence were classified into types of cold front, warm front, high pressure area, frontal zone, convergent line, Taiwan depression and head thunderstorm.
(2) The number of occurrence is maximum in September and minimum in April.
(3) Waterspouts which were caused by cold fronts amount to 57% of all, and they mostly occur in the Japan Sea side and they were maximum in number in September.
A typical pressure pattern of occurrence is that of cold front accompanying cyclones and others are those accompanying Siberian high pressures, as well as Manchurian, North or Middle China and Japan Sea high pressures, and local cold fronts of Boso peninsula. The number of occurrence shows a maximum in the afternoon. The number is small in the morning and in the evening.
(4) Waterspouts caused by warm fronts are 17% of the whole number, and they occur only in the Pacific Ocean in the monthes of June to September. There are two types of pressure patterns of this case, the one accompanying typhoone and the otter accompanying typical fronts. The former occurs in any plac_??_ from Loochoo Islands to Kanto district, but the latter is limited only to areas west of Kii peninsula. (5) Waterspouts which occurred in the high pressure area were limited to the area to the south of Loochoo Islands and to Hokkaido. The former cases mostly occurred in the summer seasons and the latter cases in autumn. Time of occurrence is limited to the houre of afternoon excluding night time.
Collecting the Data (surface observation, Pilot, Radiosonde) the author found, some interesting and remarkable facts as follows.
(1) For the occurrence of waterspouts, it is necessary that sufficient energy of unconditional instability or discontinuity of wind in the where between 1, 000m to 2, 000m should exist in the atmosphere, but, it is not necessary that both of thse exist together.
(2) Layer in which the waterspouts occur is very unstable and it disappears very easily.
(3) Seasonal difference in strength of waterspouts is not recognized but the waterspouts which occur in high pressure area arc weaker than those that occur at the fronts. More detailed investigation about these remarks will be reported by the author in the near future.

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　本研究では、山岳の占める割合が多い中央日本地域において、1kmメッシュの解析雨量のデータを用いて通過に伴う降水分布を統計的に調べ、その要因となる周囲の環境場の特徴を客観解析データから解明することを目的とした。先行研究では、通過時に中央日本では地形の影響を受けて降水の領域、強度などの分布が複雑になることが明らかにされている。しかしそれらの研究は事例解析を中心としたものが多く、気象官署やアメダスの地点データを解析に使用した研究がほとんどであった。従って雨量計の設置が困難な山岳地域や海上における性降水についての面的な理解は十分ではなく、より詳細な解析が望まれていた。
　解析ではまず始めに、地上天気図を用いて2006年から2010年の5年間にが中央日本を通過した事例を抽出する。次に全事例についてひと雨の積算降水量の分布図を作成し、その特徴をもとに性降水をタイプ別に分類した。すなわち、主な降水域がほぼ日本海側のみに見られるタイプ（タイプA）、主な降水域が日本海側と太平洋上に見られるタイプ（タイプB）、中央日本で広く降水域が見られるタイプ（タイプC）、各地に熱界雷を引き起こすような夏季の特殊タイプ（タイプD）の4つである。さらにタイプCは、対象領域ほぼ全域で降水のあるタイプC-1と、関東地方で無降水の領域が目立つタイプC-2の2つに分けることができた。タイプAやタイプBでは本州内陸部の降水はわずかだが、タイプCやタイプDでは関東以西の中央高地において総降水量や降水強度、降水頻度が大きくなる傾向が見られた。そしてタイプAやタイプBからは、解析雨量の格子における1時間最大雨量は海上や沿岸部で大きくなるのに対し、1mm/h以上の降水の出現頻度や降水継続時間は、海岸から少し内陸に入った地域で大きくなることが分かった。各タイプごとに通過前後の周囲の850hPa面の環境場をコンポジット解析した結果、タイプAでは通過前後とも対象領域では北西風が卓越し、前線に伴う循環は日本海側の一部にしか見られないが、タイプBでは前線が日本の南海上に出た後に風のシアラインが形成されている。また、タイプCでは全般に相当温位の値が高く、陸地に暖湿な気流が流れ込んでいた。特にタイプC-1では前線付近の相当温位の集中帯と風のシアが明瞭で、前線活動が活発であった。 

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中学校地学領域において, 通過時の県内複数校の観測データを共有した気象の学習を行った。教育センターのホームページに掲載したデータを利用することで, 授業者の負担軽減, 学習への興味・関心, 理解の定着などに効果があった。

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本研究においては，新学習指導要領において重視される「深い学び」の実現に向けて，人工知能の研究も取り入れた知識や思考の観点から，授業設計を支援していくシステムの開発とその活用法を明らかにすることを目的とした。システムはVB.NET を用いて，中学校第2 学年「気象とその変化」の単元を対象に作成した。システムに具体的な文章やキーワードを入力すると，単元における知識の関連性やイメージが表示され，学習内容のつながりや展開がイメージできるものである。それをもとに授業設計を行っていく方法について示した。

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We observed the local temperature distribution on June 29 and 30, 1951 at some points of Kata-machi, Kakizaki-machi, Asahimura and Yoshika-wa-mura, Niigata Prefecture. The observed area is on the sand-dune which runs along the Japan Sea Coast, Its surface is almost covered by pine-groves and some parts are cleared or cultivated. Fig. 1, 2 and 3 are the temperature distribution maps. When we compare these maps with each other, we can find a similar type of isotherms between Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, especially at the area near the coast line. It is also approved by the statistical tests. So, we can conclude that the local temperature distribution after the passing of cold front resembles to that of the morning when the minium temperature occurs. After the passing of cold front, the temperature falls about 1°C on the coast, and about 2°C at the inland station on the sand-dune with the distance of 1 km from the coast (See Fig.4). It is considered to be the effect of the distribution of land and sea.

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