以下は昭和44年4月日本英学史研究会の例会で発表したものを骨子としているが, 以後諸先輩の御叱正により加筆訂正したり, 筆者が渡米して得たものをつけ加えたりしてでき上ったものである。特にニュー・ヨーク州立大学のRoselle氏の「グッドリッチ研究」に負う所大であることをおことわりしておかねばならない。

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A fire broke out at the dormitory in the University campus, Hongo, late at night, January 25, 1889, causing the death of a medical student and injuring several students, of literature and medicine. The scene of the fire was depicted by students in their diaries and Dr. Erwin von Balz, German professor of medicine, whose official residence was not far from the dormitory, described what he saw during the catastrophe. The cause of the fire was the careless treatment by the dormitory servant of the oil-lamps then widely used.
Ten days passed and on February 7, the minister of Education, Arinori Mori gave address to all the students in the University hall, 'at the request of the President of the University, ' he added. In his address the minister referred to the recent fire and felt regret for the conduct of the University staff and students. Hearing the comment of the minister, the students felt indignant.
On February 11, the National Foundation Day, the long-waited-for Constitution of Japan was promulgated and the solemn ceremony was held in the Imperial Court in the presence of the Emperor. Arinori Mori was preparing to leave for the Imperial Palace, when a young man called at the hall of the official residence, saying he had a secret information what the indignant students would do for the minister, and he would tell it minutely to the minister himself. Then he stabbed Mori by a sharp cooking knife.

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It was an important problem, how to integrate the content of traditional education and modern education during the modernization of education in the late Qing Dynasty. History, especially Chinese history, was a field riddled with difficulties. In China, history occupied an important place in the traditional education system that was based on Confucian classics comprised of history, literature, and philosophy. However, with the establishment of a modern educational system that categorized learning by subject, new textbooks were written to meet the requirements of the new system. In the late Qing Dynasty, there were a variety of history textbooks in publication and from this it can be determined that various textbooks were then in use. Out of this chaotic situation, history textbooks improved with the promulgation of a modern educational system and the foundation of a textbook screening system created by the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Education examined existing books used as textbooks, selecting those most appropriate in effort to improve history textbooks through official approval. This paper analyzes articles published by the Ministry of Education, such as "Record of Screening Results" in order to clarify the direction taken to improve history textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty. This paper will also discuss the significance of textbook screening in the modernization of education in China. This paper is divided into four sections : I. The Ministry of Education's general principles of textbook screening ; II. Screening of history textbooks according to the "Record of Screening Results;" III. The characteristic of history textbooks recorded in the "List of Textbooks for Temporary Use;" IV. Improvement of history textbooks resulting from screening. In the first section, I identify the general characteristics of screening. In the second, I clarify the standards for history textbook as they are applied in "Record of Screening Results." In the third, I elucidate the characteristics of history textbooks found on the "List of Textbooks for Temporary Use." In the fourth section, I specifically analyze the ways that textbook screening improved the quality of history textbooks. The Ministry of Education provided the screening for free and actively encouraged the submission of textbooks to screening. The Ministry of Education not only targeted commercial publications but also manuals written by instructors for their own students' use. While not many books were screened, the Ministry of Education made every effort to improve textbooks contents. In addition, the textbook screening categorized books into textbooks, useful reference books, and books not suitable for education, all in order to bring textbooks into harmony with the new educational system. The process of screening redirected the purpose of history textbooks away from traditional education that was primarily based on memorization. In addition, Chinese textbooks of the time were greatly influenced by Japanese textbooks. Through screening, textbooks could be revised to better meet the China's unique situation and move away from mere translations of foreign textbooks. The modernization of education in China was an attempt to synthesize foreign influences and create an independent, indigenous system.

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Despite the dearth of research focusing on the guarantee and provision of financial support from the Tokugawa Bakufu to the imperial court, there is a more concrete aspect from which to view the relationship between the two institutions. Any examination of this aspect would necessitate clarifying the situation and activities of the fiscal agencies under each. In the related research to date, little attention has been paid to court finances, especially such institutions as the sadamedaka 定高制 (fixed income) system, which formed the court's basic fiscal framework during the Kansei 寛政 Era (1789-1801). The preceding article focused on the Kansei and Bunka 文化 Eras (1789-1817) and pointed out that 1) new institutions like the sadamedaka system, which gave new guarantees to the court of a fixed fiscal base within which to operate, functioned smoothly during the initial phase, but 2) towards the end of the Kansei Era, outlays began to increase once more. This article turns to the Bunsei and Tenpo Eras (1818-1844), during which sudden rises in outlays prevented the new fiscal framework from functioning effectively, due to the frequent interim requests for funds made by the imperial household, forcing the Bakufu to channel funds from loans and silver earmarked for the maintenance of its Kyoto Magistrate (Kyoto Machi-Bugyo 京都町奉行 and Deputy (Kyoto Daikan 京都代官). Therefore, It can be said that the Bakufu was giving the imperial household fiscal constant guarantees.

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