The DTA curves up to 1000℃ have been obtained for aragonite type travertines from different localities. From these curves the temperature of transition from aragonite to calcite (T₁) and the temperature of thermal decomposition (T₂) have been estimated. The temperature difference (T₂-T₁) ranges from 355℃ for travertine from Masutomi Hot Springs to 433℃ for travertine from Arima Hot Springs. Such considerable variation in T₂-T₁ may be related to the deposition temperature of travertines. A series of travertine samples, having a similar chemical composition, but differing in deposition temperature, were collected from Karematsuzawa, Geto Hot Springs. With lowering deposition temperature, T₁ and T₂-T₁ decrease sensibly.

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Kama-ike is a small but deep mountain lake in sickle shape that lies at an elevation of 1, 190 m in the northernmost part of Nagano Prefecture in Central Japan. It lies at 36°51′N. Lat. and 137°58′E. No detailed survey has been made since Dr. A.TANAKA sounded this lake in 1919 for the first time. The writer's investigations were carried on in this lake in August 1972, in regard to re-soundings as well as to some limnological features. The following morphometrical features were obtained by the 139 soundings in total : the superficies of the lake 27, 100m², excluding 175m² of the island areas ; the greatest depth 16.2m and the mean depth 6.87m, and the shore development 1.71. Its volume is calculated as 1, 950, 000m³. The results indicate that this lake has become shallowed by 1.8m during the fifty-one years since TANAKA's first soundings. This means that the decrease of depth has progressed at the rate of 1.5cm a year. The thermocline was seen at the layer of 2-6m deep, at which zone the dissolved oxygen was supersaturated in summer. In the hypolimnion the amount of dissolved oxygen decreased greatly as indicating the progress of eutrophication to a certain extent. The pH values were 7.4 at the lake surface, then gradually lowering as 6.8-6.9 and became reversed to 7.0 in the bottom water.

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第8報としてシタバガ類Catocalaとギンガ類Chasminodes(共にヤガ科Noctuidae)をまとめ,あわせて分布上興味ある本州未記録種と中部地方の未記録種などを数種記録する.本文に先だち常日頃御指導いただいている信州大学小山長雄博士並びに東京都の杉繁郎氏に深謝いたします.

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The Pliocene Futamata and Tomuraushi pyroclastic flow deposits and their granitic inclusions in central Hokkaido, form a series of volcano-plutonic association. The newly obtained K-Ar ages of the granitic inclusions are 1.1-1.2 Ma for whole rocks. These K-Ar ages are much younger than the ages which are expected from stratigraphic correlation. This discrepancy in age suggests loss of radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar from the pyroclastic flow deposits and their granitic inclusions during thermal event of subsequent volcanism.

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北部フォッサ・マグナ地域北西端に位置する長野県北西部から新潟県西部は，西頸城隆起帯と呼ばれる（正谷・市村，1970）．この隆起帯には約1 MaのジルコンFT年代値を示す雨飾山（1963 m）などの貫入岩体があり，前期更新世以降の急激な隆起が想定される（長森ほか，2010）．西頸城隆起帯の南側にも高妻山（2353 m）などの貫入岩体があり，そのジルコンFT年代は約1 Maの値を示す（長森ほか，2003）ため，西頸城隆起帯と同時期に隆起した可能性が高い．このことから，従来西頸城隆起帯が隆起量の多い地域とされてきたが，その南側も同様の隆起が生じていることになる．第四紀の隆起が想起されるものの，時期や範囲などについては不明な点が多い．本報告では，長野県小谷村の糸魚川–静岡構造線相当断層沿いの地質・構造を検討する過程で認められた隆起帯に挟まれた地溝状構造について報告する．

　小谷村付近では，糸静線の東側に姫川断層，さらに東側に小谷–中山断層が併走する．姫川断層の変位センスは東側に分布する火山岩類の対比の違いにより東上がりの見解と西上がりの見解があった．この火山岩の平倉山山頂付近の安山岩（平倉山層）のK-Ar年代値として18.1±0.3 Maの年代値が得られたことにより，姫川断層の変位センスは西上がりであることが判明した．また，従来中土断層とされていた断層は姫川断層へ連続する同一の断層と判断される．姫川断層の南端は糸静線に収斂するとみられる．姫川断層と小谷–中山断層は南部域では糸静線と縦走して南北方向に延びるが，小谷村の立山付近から北東方向へ延び，糸静線から離脱する．

　姫川断層と小谷–中山断層の間の層序は，下位より

層，雨中層，奉納層，曲師谷層，細貝層，岩戸山層に区分される．北部フォッサ・マグナ地域では一般的に北方に新しい地層が累重するが，これらの地層は南に向かい新しい地層が重なる．姫川断層と小谷–中山断層間では，断層間の地層が断層を介して古い地層と隣接するため，地溝状の構造と判断される．ところで，南方の長野県大町市付近では，糸静線と小谷–中山断層に挟まれる地溝状堆積盆として特徴付けられる大峰帯（小坂, 1980）が分布する．大峰帯の北端は立山南方の“横根沢断層”とされていた．しかし，“横根沢断層”の存在を示唆する証拠はない．さらに立山以北にも大峰帯と同様の地溝状構造が連続することから，姫川断層と小谷–中山断層間の相対的に沈下した地域は，大峰帯の北方延長と判断される．ただし，地溝状構造は大町付近では糸静線と小谷–中山断層の間に分布するが，大町よりも北では姫川断層と小谷–中山断層，さらに立山付近以北では延びの方向が北東となり糸静線から離脱する．この大峰帯から連続する地溝状構造は，北西側の西頸城隆起帯と南東側の高妻山を含む地域の境界となる．

　糸静線を境に西側の飛騨山地は前期更新世に隆起したとされる（原山ほか2003）．しかし，立山以北の糸静線は断層によって寸断されており，第四紀に活動した形跡はない（長森ほか，2010）．このため，糸静線最北部では西頸城隆起帯と飛騨山地が一体となって隆起した可能性が高い．これらの隆起域の縁辺は最北部をのぞく糸静線と姫川断層となる．大峰帯の東端断層の小谷–中山断層は東から西へ高角衝上し，後期中新世から前期更新世まで活動していた（加藤・佐藤，1983など）．断層の東側には1Maの高妻山の貫入岩体があり，前期更新世の大きな隆起量が想定される．

　これまで北部糸静線沿いの一部に認められていた大峰帯の北方延長が，北部フォッサ・マグナ地域北西部の隆起域を分断するように延びていることが明らかとなった．大峰帯の成因はいまだ確定していないが，より広範囲のテクトニクスを考慮にいれた検討が必要となる．

＜文献＞

加藤・佐藤（1983）信濃池田図幅，地質調査所，93 p.

原山ほか(2003)第四紀研究，42, 127-140.

小坂（1980）信大理紀要， 15, 31-36.

正谷・市村（1970）石油技術協会誌, 38, 1-12.

長森ほか（2003）戸隠図幅．産総研地質調査総合センター, 109 p.

長森ほか（2010） 小滝図幅．産総研地質調査総合センター, 134 p.

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姫川中流域の地形, 地質の特徴と地すべり及び崩壊の分布を検討した結果,(1) 地すべり地は開析の進んだ流域の広い侵食谷にあり, それは, 傾斜15°～20°をピークとする正規分布をなす。地質的には, 第三系の泥岩地帯に集中的に分布する。また, 断層にかかわるものが86%を占めている。噴出岩類の貫入している地帯では規模が大きく, 頭部に崩壊を伴う。 (2) 崩壊は, 幼年期の地形の平坦面直下及びキャップロックを形成する急斜面及び背梁付近に多く, 傾斜45°～50°をピークとする正規分布をなす。また, 発生する位置は, 山麓緩斜地に多い。 (3) 地すべり及び崩壊の人為的要因として, 用水路の溢流, 破壊等及び森林の取り扱いも見逃すことはできない。

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It has been reported that urinary urate excretion was increased by the spa treatment of gout. While it is generally accepted that mineral water constituents are absorbed through balneotherapy, not only by oral intake but also percutaneausly.
Two modes of hypouricemic action may be considered in the spa treatment: one is the promotion of urinary urate excretion, and the other is the suppression of urate formation.
The influence upon the purine metabolism was studied using Ikaho (iron containing calcium sulphate spring), Kusatsu (H₂S containing acid alum vitriol spring), Atami (weak common salt spring), Itoh (simple thermal), Shimobe (simple thermal), Masutomi (radioactive spring), & Otari (alkaline spring) waters, and the following results were obtained.
(I) In vitro experiments, xanthine oxidase activity was suppressed by Kusatsu, but it was accelerated by Atami, Ikaho and Masutomi.
No effect was shown by Itoh, Shimobe and Otari.
Uricase activity was suppressed markedly by Kusatsu, slightly suppressed by Atami, Ikaho, and Otari, but was not influenced by Itho, Shimobe and Masutomi.
(II) Xanthine oxidase activity and uricolytic activity were examined in the liver of rats after bathing for 15 minutes at 40°C and/or after administration of allopurinol, uric acid and alcohol.
The xanthine oxidase activity was decreased by bathing in Kusatsu thermal water and/or administration of allopurinol, but it was enhanced by plain water bathing while it was not changed by Ikaho and Atami thermal water bathing.
The uricolytic activity was decreased by the loading of uric acid and the administration of ethyl alcohol, enhanced by plain water bathing, and not changed by the bathing in Kusatsu, Ikaho, and Atami thermal waters.
(III) The purine metabolism was investigated in human subjects by the determination of urate and oxypurine in plasma and urine after oral administration of the mineral waters for three successive days.
By drinking of Kusatsu thermal water plasma urate and oxypurine levels were lowered and urinary excretions were increased.
By drinking of Ikaho a minor elevation of plasma urate and oxypurine levels were observed, but no changes were found in urinary excretion of these purines.
By drinking of Atami thermal water the plasma urate levels were lowered, but no definite trend was found in the plasma oxypurine levels.
Urinary oxypurine excretion was increased but orate excretion remained unchanged.

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(1) The Himekawa drainage area is one of the most heavy snow area in Japan with annual cover of 1.5-4.0m. This area is divided into two sub-areas, the northern and soutern parts, at Nakatsuchi, Otari Village by the depth of snow and the time of melting. In the southern part, the snow is very dry because the altitude is very high with very low temperature. The snow cover is the deepest in late February or early March and last to the middle of April. On the other hand, in the northern part, the snow is very wet because the altitude is very low with higher temperature than the south. And the snow cover is the deepest in late January or early February and it lasts to the early April, a month earlier than the south. For these reasons, the ways of removing snow on the roofs and of melting snow on the field and the kind of decorations for the New Year are different between two parts. Furthermore, the way and tools of snow treading to keep paths in the snow are different between two parts by the snow depth and topographic conditions.
(2) Agricultural land utilization of this Himekawa area is restricted very strongly by the continuous show cover duration which reaches 120 days per year. Therefore, people in this area keep watching Yukigata (the shape of snow patches on the mountain high slopes) and common sayings which predict weather condition very valuably to make their original agricultural calendar by their traditions. Furthermore, they melt snow artificially to advance the season of seeding ricer and they contrive the way of seeding and cropping wheats which does not adapt to this area. From the viewpoints of the land utilization for forestry, the snow decrease the values of wood by bending trunks and breaking branches. On the other hand, the snow cover gives advantages for forestry such as preventing frost heaving, supplying water and preparing the roads to transport lumbers by sledding.
People use snow as insulation for storing vegetables and as fields for sledding and skiing. Ski industries have been growing quickly since the middle of 1960's by developing and improving ski grounds, facilities, and accomodations in this area and by increasing numbers of trains on Oito-Line, Eastern Japanese Railways. As a result, industries and structures of population in this area have greatly changed.
(3) It is recongnized that some cultures have been spread into this Kita-Azumi area from Toyama and Niigata prefectures. Technology of production such as Ecchu-Shibari (a way of bundling up harvested rice straws) and the way of making a charcoal kiln and life styles such as tree fences for wind breaking are spread from Toyama Prefecture. On the other hand, cultures for food such as Sasa-Zushi and Sasa-Dango (a kind of regional Sushi and dumpling wrapped by dwarf bamboo leaves) and Iwashino-Tsukedome (a salted sardine for preserving), a way of building houses protecting heavy snow cover and some technology of manufacturing sleds and skies are spread from Niigata Prefecture.
Because of same natural environment of deep snow, the characterized local culture of this Kita-Azumi area was created by cultural interchange to Niigata Prefecture. Especially, in the settlements of Oami Todo and Yokokawa, Kita-Otari districts, Otari Village, which are located very close to the boundary to Niigata Prefecture, there are very strong effects of the Echigo (Niigata Prefecture) Culture.

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Im 1937, hat Herr H. DOI zwei Arten d. h. Colias marcopolo nicolopolo and C. viluiensis aus Nordkorea aufgeschrieben. Doch sind seine Beschreibungen ungenau, and nehmen keine Abbildung mit. Ferner, seit seine Veroffentlichung bis jetzt, ist zweites Exemplar noch nicht erbeutet, so dass der Fundort beider Colias in Korea bedeutend zweifelhaft sind. Dagegen, vorkommt gewiss Erebia kozhantshikovi in Nordkorea, die von D. M. SOEK (1941) aus derselben Gegend registriert wurde, wegen seinen deutlichen Figuren, obgleich nur ein Exemplar ♀ bis jetzt entdeckt wird. Weil in diesem weiblichen Exemplar, die rot-braune Binde der Vorderflugeloberseite erheblich breiter als im Sibirischen Stucke ist, ist es moglich dad dass koreanische Stuck eine neue Unterart vertritt. Aus dem Fuss des Berges Myokosan (2446 m), Praf, Niigata, Mitteljapan, beschreibe ich eine neue Rasse von Lycaeides subsolanus, als ssp. myokoensis nov. Diese Rasse steht sehr nahe anderer Rasse togakusiensis MURAYAMA, 1964, aber bestimmt grosser. ♂ Oberseite ist klarer, der schwarze Rand des Vorderflugels ist schmaler, der innere Umriss des Randes ist trube. In wenigen mannlichen Exemplare, erscheint kleine rot-gelbe Zeichnung im submarginalen Feld zwischen Analis 2 und Cubitus 1 der Hinterflugeloberseite. In anderer wenigen Exemplare, treten andere Aberration in der Hinterflugel-unterseite hervor. Der schwarze Punkt nahe Basalfeld und die schwarze Flecke des Mittelfeldes in 1 Cubitalzelle verschmelzen, so bilden eine lange grosse Zeichnung aus. Zwei obenerwahnte Neigungen erscheinen mehr oder weniger auch in mehrerer mannlicher Stucke, aber nicht in subsolanus togakusiensis so wie subsolanus yarigadakeana. ♀, Die rote Submarginalbinde beider Flugeloberseite sind auffallend. Die Unterseite neigt zur Vergrosserung aller schwarzen Punkte und zur Ausbildung uberzahliger. Die Futterpflanzen sind Vicia deflexa in der neue Rasse, dagegen Astragalus sp. und Hedysarum sp., in togakusiensis.

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The fluoride in calcareous sinters was colorimetrically determined by Sen Gupta's method, modified by Akaiwa. The fluoride content varied from 450 to 4400 ppm for aragonitic sinters, and from 150 to 1150 ppm for calcitic sinters. The amount of fluoride incorporated into the sinters depends on the crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and on the chemical characteristics of the sinter-depositing waters. A high pH of the waters results in decrease in amount of fluoride uptaken by the sinters.

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