In about 1950, the surrounding coastal cities began to deposit in Osaka Bay the human excreta that could not be used or disposed of on land. In connection, researchers from the Osaka Municipal Hygienic Laboratory undertook a rapid survey of the state of pollution in the Bay and established that, while pollution was present in the sea disposal area, it was severer at the mouth of rivers. After the survey, the researchers joined the research committee chaired by Professor Miura of Kyoto University, which operated with the aid of the Scientific Experimental Research Fund of the Ministry of Education, and studied pollution in Osaka Bay, the effect of sea disposal on fish, the behavior of the deposited excreta in the sea, and the viability of E. coli in seawater.
The present material was written to commemorate the work of the Hygienic Laboratory in the study of human excreta disposal in Osaka Bay. It consists of a history of human excreta treatment and disposal in Osaka City up to the beginning of sea disposal, related laws during the same period, the situation regarding sea disposal and pollution in the Bay, and the activities of a committee of Osaka Bay coastal cities set up to research human excreta disposal problems.

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東京市では、1910年代後半以降、近世来の都市－農村間の流通網が崩壊し、問題が深刻化した。そのため、東京市は処理を市営化することにより、問題の解決を図ったのである。しかし、従来の研究では、東京市の処理市営化は、既存の民間業者による農村還元処分法に依存したものであったことから、伝染病問題の温床となる後進的な政策として捉えられ、の需要地であった近郊農村との関係から市営化の意義が再検討されることはなかった。そこで本稿では、1910年代から30年代における東京市の処理政策に焦点を当て、東京市当局が近郊農村におけるに対する潜在的な需要をいかに掘り起こし、流通網の再形成を図ったのかを検討する。

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本研究の課題は、東京市、大阪市をはじめとした他の都市に先立って処理市営化が推進された戦前期名古屋市における市営化政策の転換過程を検討することにより、同市がいかに市営化の際に直面した衛生問題と財政問題の双方の解決を図ったのかを明らかにすることである。
  1930年代の名古屋市では、衛生的で効率的な処理を実現するため、下水処理化、水洗便所化を推進した。ただし、市民が工事に必要な費用を負担することは困難であったため、名古屋市は流注所を建設することにより、可能な範囲で下水処理化、処分費の削減を実現した。しかし、流注所による処理には、技術面、財政面の問題が残されていたため、そうした問題に対処するため、肥料不足を背景として増大した近隣農村の需要に注目し、愛知県や愛知県農会と協力しての供給先の確保、農村還元処分の継続を図った。

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山岳性自然公園では, 利用に伴う様々なインパクトが指摘され, その管理には登山者の認識の理解が不可欠である。本研究では, 大雪山国立公園の登山者を対象に, インパクトに対する登山者の認識, 排泄行為の実態と今後の処理のあり方に対する態度を調査した。その結果, 処理に関して不快感と対策の必要性がともに高く認識され, インパクトの認識が高い回答者ほど登山経験が多く, 長期の縦走をしていた。山中での排泄行為と今後の処理に対する態度は性別や登山形態, インパクトの認識により異なり, 女性または登山経験が多く, インパクトの認識が高い回答者ほどトイレ整備のための経費の負担やの持ち帰りに同意する傾向がみられた。

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It is well known fact that TB bacilli are detected from old latrine ponds of TB sanatoriums for a considerable length of time. However, no reports have ever been preceded regarding the influence exerted upon the farmers when excrements and urine are used as fertilizer in agriculture. Therefore, considering that an attempt of study given in this phase would be worthwhile from the standpoint of preventive medicine and hospital adoministration, the present study was conducted.
The authors obtained the data that the excrements of our sanatorium had been utilized by the local vegetable association (consisted of 27 families and of 162 persons) for the past 12 years, The sprinkling area was localized and the drift of the farmers was scarce in number. During the period from 1942 to 1947 when the supply of fertilizer was extremely short, that is in the “most heavily utilized period”, excrements being in great demand, it resulted in dense sprinkling without taking the trouble of decomposition. Considerable number of younger persons were obliged to help in agriculture due to lack of manpower during the war. The fact is obvious that the period of 8 years was comparatively worse in condition than that of to lay. With the above data in hand and by taking a control group (consisted of 27 families and of 172 persons) in the same area and yet having no relation whatever with the excrements of the sanatorium, a comparison of the two groups was made to observe the relation of presumptive degree of the influence of the excrements.
1. The % of positive tuberculin reaction indicated “association” group-83.3% and “cqflrast” group-81.8% as to the ages of 21-30 who could have been most affected during the “most heavily utilized period”. As in the rest of age classes, there is no significant difference detween the two group.
2. Although the affected percentage of x-ray examination in the 1-40 ages class showed high rate in the “association” group, it revealed an adverse result in the rest of age class, thus it cannot be concluded that there is an influence of the excrements. As to the age between 21-30 where the influence could be mostly considered, the percentages were 45% in “association” group and 29.4% in “contrast” group. Thus, there is no significant difference from the point of view of stochastic.
3. A study was made to find the diference of the positive percentages of tuberculin reaction in those who were exclusively engaged in agriculture. The results were “85.2% in group, 78.2% in “control” group and the affected percentages of x-ray examination were respectively 36.7% and 35.3%. This shows no significant difference between the two groups.
4. Further research was made to see the tuberculin positive reaction of the entering grade school children for the past 12 years when the inflence of B. C. G. was very small. The results were 8.2% in the former and 13% in the latter, thus there is no signifecant difference.
5. Numbers of TB patients were respectively 9 and 10 and in which only 1 each ha l any relation with the presuptive infections source.
It is concluded from the above results that although factor of infection may be anticipated, our data indicated that the usage of excrements of TB patients does not render any influence to the farmers.

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私たちは、「汚いもの」の代表とされるウンチは、オシッコとともに、清潔な温水洗浄便器に排泄し、下水道を通じて衛生的に処理されている。下水道は、都市空間に縦横に張り巡らされ管渠が不可欠で、布設には長い年月と膨大な費用か必要である。京都市では、昭和９年の吉祥院下水処理場が初めてである。幸いなことに、

は昔から貴重な肥料として活用され、農家が汲み取りに来てくれ、大正頃までは、その代価さえ受け取ることができた。藤原九十郎は、が有価物として取り扱われた「有価物」の時代、汲み取りに金銭を要した「廃棄物」の時代、移行期の「無償」の時代の三つに分けている。京都では、大正中頃に、は、「有価物」から「廃棄物」へ転落する。これにより、の処理は都市としての対応が迫られるが、それは、新しい処理の時代の幕明けである。その歩みをたどることにより、廃棄物と人間社会の係わりを考えたい。

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In order to study the term of existence of tubercle bacilli in excrements, the author coducted model experiments on 51 materials, by means of Kudo's culture method. Tubercle bacilli which were put in the excrements lost their living power gradually, the number of the bacilli decreased as times went off and finally they disappeared entirely. The experiments were conducted at room temperatures of different seasons. The term of existence of the bacilli in the experiments which started in December was of 231 days at the maximum, the one started in March was of 136 days at the maximum, the one in May was of 72 days at the maximum, and the one in August was of 167 days at the maximum. Therefore, it was found that by seasons there were differences in the term of existence and the bacilli seemed to have the tendency to live longer in cold weather, whereas they seemed to exist for a shorter period in hot weather. The author does not intend to say that the results of his experiments give directly the data for the longevity of tubercle bacilli in patients' sputa that appear in the excrements of receptacle, however, it may be considered as one of the basic facts, through which the longevity of the bacilli can be infered.

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埼玉県, 東京都および宮城県下の各一農村において便所の位置および構造について調査を行った。その結果
1) 三調査地区とも母屋に対する位置からみて外便所の付設が多い。
2) 内便所ではおとしだめ1ケの型が多い。外便所ではおとしだめと貯溜槽の付設している型が埼玉に多いが, 東京と宮城では外便所にもおとしだめ1ケの型が多い代りに野溜を保有している場合が多い。
3) 各調査地の便所とも, その貯溜能力な非常に少であることを認めた。が, 貯溜能の有無が寄生虫卵の感染に, 一因とはなり得るかも知れないが, 決定的なものでないことを示した。
4) 以上の調査に基ずき, 便所の移り変わり, および今後の農村の便所の改良方法についての私見を記した。

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