現在われわれが使っている「土木」という言葉の語義について、その歴史的な変化について種々の文献から検討し、江戸時代末期に現在用いているのと同じ意味の言葉として成立したことを明らかにした。ここでは中国の文献に現れる「土木」という言葉の語義とその歴史的変遷について、諸橋轍治緒『大漢和辞典』、二十四正史を中心に考察し、わが国との比較を試み、中国においていつごろの時代から道路、橋梁、築堤工事などを意味する言葉として使われるように成ったのかについて調べた。

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日本は紀元1 世紀頃から中国と交流して，中国の文化を取り入れてきた．文化の導入が盛んになったのは飛鳥，奈良時代(592–793) で，中国の伝統医学も積極的に導入した．701 年には大宝律令が公布され，日本の医学は中国の伝統医学に倣うことが決定した．これにより日本の公式な医学は中国医学となり，日本古来の医学は庶民の間で民間薬として使われるようになった．平安時代(794–1184) は中国の伝統医学が日本に根付いた時代である．

　この論文ではこれらの時代の生薬の利用状況を解説した．特に重要なのは皇室の宝物館，正倉院に保管されていた60 種の生薬で，そのうち38 種が現存し，最近の調査で1 種を除いてその本質が明かになっている(Table 1)．導入された中国の伝統医学は江戸時代になり多くの医師の臨床体験を経て，日本固有の医学，すなわち漢方に進化した．漢方は今日，広く使われるようになり，医師の85%が漢方を西洋医学とともに使用している．

　本論文は2016 年5 月28 日に開催された『植物研究雑誌』創刊100 周年記念講演会の講演4 の内容を再構成したものである．

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「和風とは韓風そのものである」(沖森卓也)と指摘されるように、「日本語」をどこまでさかのぼっても本居宣長が夢想したような美しい「日本語」に行き着けるわけではない。それどころか、近年出土の七世紀後半の木簡は、それが中国の漢文体とも朝鮮半島の俗漢文(吏読)とも異なる奇怪な文体であることを示している。古事記がこの七世紀後半の木簡の文体をベースにしているということは何を語るのか、日本書紀と対比して考えるとよい。日本書紀はその書名が語るように、中華「帝国」に対抗する「日本」を執拗に意識化する。古事記は「日本」に無関心であるかのごとく装うが、「帝国」から自立するために必要とされた自前の「言語」=俗語文を駆使して「共感の共同性」を仮構することに成功している。つまり、ハイ・テンションな感情を盛り込むためには木簡文をベースにした古事記の文体のほうが有効なのだ。とはいえ、記・紀がもつ漢文体と俗語文体の差異は相互補完的なものであり、かつ「帝国」の冊封体制からの離脱と自立のための思想的拠点という意味では共通の志向をもつ。

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In the middle of the 8th century, a prospecting party under the Provincial Government of Michinoku discovered a gold placer at Nonodake Hill, the Province of Michinoku, Northeast Japan. The placer was worked by corvee labor. It was the earliest gold mining in Japan. K. Kudaranokonikishi, Governor of Michinoku, offered 33.75 kg of gold to the Emperor Shomu in 749. The people of the northern parts of Michinoku were saddled with 9.4 g of gold in poll tax from 752. The gold was used for gilding of the great bronze statue of Buddha at Nara, which was under construction. The statue, 15.8 m in height, was completed in 757. A total of 150 kg or more of gold was gilded the statue and others. In 760, the Japanese Government minted the first gold coin in Japan, which was named Kaikishoho. The working was interrupted because of a rebellion by the natives against the Government in 774, and was reopened after 38 years’ disturbances of war. The gold diggings decreased in production from the early part of the 9th century. The placer gold had been almost exhausted in the 15th century. A very small quantity of gold is still obtained from the remains of the diggings.

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現在われわれが使っている「土木」という言葉の語義について, これまで種々の報告があるが, その語義の歴史的な変遷については, まだ充分に明らかにされてはいない. この報告では中国および日本の文献に現れる「土木」という言葉の語義について,『史記』,『漢書』をはじめとする二十四正史, 諸橋轍治著『大漢和辞典』, あるいはわが国の日記, 随筆, 歴史書などにより調べ, その語義の歴史的な経過を明らかにした.

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Firstly, the author agrees with Professor Taro Sakamoto's (M.J.A.) opinion to the effect that the ancestors of the Japanese nation came over to Japan from Siberia via the Mamiya Straits, Sakhalin, and Hokkaido in the early Stone Age. He also approves of Professor T. Sakamoto's theory that Yamatai Queendom was in Kyushu, not in Yamato (Nara Prefecture).
The author assumes that the distances described in the so-called Gishi Wajinden are those between the capitals of the kingdoms.
The author's hypothetic identification of the capitals of the kingdoms are as follows.
Matsura Kingdom: Karatsu City including Sakura-no-baba.
Ito Kingdom: Around the Mikumo-Iwara district in Maebaru Town.
Fumi Kingdom: Umi City and the adjacent district.
As for the capital of Na Kingdom he advances a new theory that it must have been located in the area between Ko-no-su Hills and Mt. Higashi-Abura-yama in Fukuoka City.
In regard to Toma Kingdom, the author rejects all the theories advanced so far, and he proposes a new hypothesis that the capital was located around the consecrated spring of Asaduma in Kurume City.
The most problematic capital of Yamatai Queendom was located, according to the author, in Kumamoto City.
Probably around the end of the 3rd century A.D. it was destroyed to ashes by the Kumaso people (including that of Kuna Kingdom), a branch of the Japanese, who attacked Yamatai Queendom from the south, and the name Yamatai was abolished by them and passed into oblivion.

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According to the " Writings of the Wa People " (_??__??__??_), of the " Record of the Gi Dynasty " (_??__??_), there were in the second and third centuries many small states of the old Japanese, which were ruled by a common king co-elected by them, and among the common kings Queen Himiko (_??__??__??_) was most famous. About the real land where the states were situated it has been disputed for many years, but the accurate reading, on which the author has written in recent years, reveals that they were in Kyushyu. The intention of this paper is to make clear the social and legal characters of those small states and of the " Queen State ".
With this intention the author has examined the communities and states of the Mongolian races together with the " Queen State ", because the " Writings on the Wa People " is the last part of the writings on those Mongolian races. The two races, Ugan (_??__??_) and Sempi (_??__??_), in Inner Mongolia, which were composed of many primitive tribes, were normadic peoples, and did not constitute any sort of a state. The three wild races, flare (_??__??_), Yoso (_??__??_) and Kai (_??_), which inhabited on the side of Japan Sea, were not normadic, but any tribe of them did not reach the stage of having a state either. The races of Kan (_??_), who-were in the southern half of the Corean Peninsula, were divided into three blocks, Bakan (_??__??_), Shinkan (_??__??_) and Benkan (_??__??_), and each of them was a group of numerous states constituted by tribes. The largest one among them, Bakan, which contained fifty-four states co-elected a common king, Shin wo (_??__??_). He was perhaps the king of a confederation, which extended its sphere afterwards over the half of the states of the other two Kans. But it was too feeble to resist an attack of the northern enemy.
When we compare the states of the Wa people with such conditions of these Mongolian races, it is quite clear that those were also the states of so many tribes, and the " Queen State " was the confederation of those tribal states. It was stronger in unity than the confederation of the above-stated Shin wo, although it contained various tendencies of collapse. It has been usual until now to take the " Queeu State " to be either the beginning of the Empire of Mikado or a single monarchy in Kyushyu. But such opinions are completely erroneous.

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