The present article reexamines the longstanding debate over the Northern Wei Dynasty's disbandment of tribal peoples within its territory, through an analysis of the words, 太和十二年, 代都平城改俟懃曹, 創立司州, contained in the epitaph of Yuang Chang 元萇, discovered in the city of Jiyuan, Henan Province in 2003. The author begins with the characters siqincao 俟懃曹. Siqin 俟懃 designates the bureaucratic name given to tribal chieftains among the Kumoxi and Murong-bu among the Xianbei people as well as the Rouran, and is similar to the Turkut Irkin 俟斤. From the fact that the Murong-bu governed their tribes by installing eight sili 俟釐 in the central, eastern, etc. areas of their territory, siqincao, which combines the Hui term 俟懃 with cao, the Han term for administrative center, therefore means tribal area governance agency, which is expressed in the Weishu 魏書, as Babu Daifu 八部大夫 (hereafter Baguo 八国), Liubu Darenguan 六部大人官, etc. Next the author examines the development of the Sinqincao (Baguo) agency. In contrast to the conventional understanding that the Baguo administrative system was gradually downsized into six, then four jurisdictions, to be completely abandoned during the reign of Emperor Xaowen (467-499), the author argues that 1) the institution of Baguo was created based on the nomadic traditions of such peoples as the southern Xiongnu and Xianbei and 2) the four jurisdiction Sibu 四部 system instituted during the reign of Emperor Taiwu (408-452) was still headed by eight chieftains and therefore represented no substantive change from the Baguo system. The Baguo system continued in tact until the 2nd year of the Taihe era (488), when its jurisdictions were renamed Sizhou 司州. Finally, the author investigates the meaning of the abandonment of the Sinqincao system in favor of Sizhou. It was in the 1st year of the Tianxing era (398) that Emperor Daowu established a permanent capital at Pingcheng, divided the kingdom into the Jinei 畿内 (capital) and Jiaodian 郊甸 (outer provincial) regions and established Sizhou for the purpose of governing the Han people residing there. At the same time, Siqincao (Baguo) was established to govern the northern tribal peoples inhabiting the two regions. The Baguo system continued in tact changing in name only from Liubu 六部 to Sibu then back to Liubu until its abandonment in 488, at which time, Emperor Xiowen placed the northern tribes under Sizhou governance, to be uniformly administered according to geo-political (junxin 郡県) districting. Therefore, the tribal disbandment carried out by Emperor Daomu cannot be said to have involved actually breaking up tribal households and registering people like Han inhabitants; but rather signifies tribal peoples affiliated with the Wei Dynasty being placed under the direct rule of the Wei emperor and governed by means of the Sinqincao system.
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