This paper presents a new approach to the Problem Based Learning (PBL). The problem in the PBL is shared by Japanese students, foreign students and local companies who really want to advance into the overseas market. The emphasis is placed on Japanese college students who cannot find meaning in their lives. Students who have joined a Breakthrough project can build self-confidence after opening a new market.

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A new middle class is forming in large Chinese cities. The people among this class take more and more interest in green food, which, along with its high quality and safety has also been regarded as an important strategic good in urban supermarkets. People show high expectation for such green food. However, there are still many problems; specifically that the concept of green food is not well known and therefore, resulting standards have not been established. The label identifying green foods arouses consumers' suspicion and few sales counters are available to make for convenient purchase. Finally, a reliable distribution and stocking system have not been established.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms of entrance selection procedures at private elementary schools in prewar Japan. Preceding studies have clarified the social classes of children at private elementary schools and the reasons why parents enrolled their children in such schools. However, some of these schools began to evaluate the increasing numbers of applicants through the criteria of entrance examinations. What this means is that not all applicants were able to enroll in these high-status private elementary schools. This paper focuses on the mechanisms and the function of entrance selections of private elementary schools.
The second and third sections of the paper present an analysis of the selection process through which private elementary schools evaluated young children. The methods they used included mental tests, physical tests (e.g., dance), and interviews with parents. These kinds of selection assignments were described by B. Bernstein as the “invisible pedagogy.”
In the fourth section, the paper demonstrates that children from the new middle class had advantages over other class children (e. g., children of the old middle class) in the selection system, and that there were conflicts among children of different segments of the new middle class.
The fifth section addresses how children were prepared for the selection process. Parents had their children study at home or in kindergartens to enable them to acquire the necessary skills for the invisible selection assignments.
In the sixth section, the paper clarifies that the use of entrance examinations put an end to admission through personal connections.
Through this series of considerations, the following conclusions are drawn:(1) For the schools, ideal children were those who were intelligent in terms of high scores on tests;(2) The schools intended to subordinate private-elementary-school-oriented families by means of the selection system; and (3) As a result, they accepted children with similar backgrounds and abilities.

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社会諸階級の概念はマクロな社会構造と諸過程の研究において基底的な位置を占めるものであるが、にもかかわらずこれまで少数の例外を除いては計量的な実証研究には適用されてこなかった。本稿ではまず社会諸階級の概念を計量的な実証研究に適用するための理論的な準備作業を行ない、その上で現代日本社会を対象に、諸個人の階級所属の決定要因、所得格差、社会意識についての分析を行なう。明らかになったのは次のような諸点である。
(1) 諸個人の階級所属を決定する主要な要因は出身階級と学歴であるが、両者の相対的な重要性はそれぞれの階級によって異なる。
(2) 諸個人の階級的位置の違いは学歴や職業などの違いには還元できない実質的な所得格差を生み出しており、階級構造は所得の不平等の重要な基礎になっている。
(3) 社会諸階級は共通の社会意識を形成する重要な基盤になっている。

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Kishida Ryusei(1891-1929) held the private exhibition at the house of Nojima Yasuzo(1889-1964) in 1922. This exhibition seems so significant because the recent works which depicted his daughter Reiko were exhibited, and the most of them included the characteristic as 'Derori' which Ryusei often mentioned in his essays. Though researchers have considered the meaning of the works as 'Derori' from the producer's point of view, this paper discusses the meaning of these works from the audience's point of view. The first section mentions that the audience of the private exhibition generally includes the educated middle class elite, who had close relation to the artists and the art world at that time. The paper then analyses the display appealing the portraits of Reiko as 'Derori', and by investigating Ryusei's diary and the catalogue the audience includes a few upper class men and the educated middle class men who were very interested in the avant-garde art. Finally, making reference to the article about representation of the 'girl' in modern Japan, it intends the possibility of function of portraits of Reiko as 'Derori' as the mirror which reflected the identity of the urban educated middle class men.

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