佐渡金山といっているが,これは常識的に云っているので,実際は佐渡銀山である。近来観光ブームで,案内書やバスガールの説明にも,常識的な解説が多いが事実はもっと深刻である。講師は,幾多の古文書や,時には,かって銀山に働いた老婆を生字引として事実を説明する。関ケ原の戦は徳川と豊臣の天下分け目の戦であったが,その背後に豊臣家の管理下にあった佐渡金山を家康が手中に収めんとする意図に端を発していることを述べ,鬼才,大久保長安の鉱山経営法,その中に前借制度や,談合がとり入れられ,慶長年間の産銀量は当時の世界の産銀量の25%に上ることを説明し,その長安が何故,悲惨な最後をとげたか,そこに銀山の盛衰のあとを辿る,更にその後の徳川幕府の銀山経営法を述べ,所謂,無宿者の正体を説明する。そして,生字引の老婆の述懐で終りを結んでいる。

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As shown in Fig. 1, the Middle Miocene Daijima-type floras are sporadically distributed in southwestern border of Northeast Honshu, Japan. Among them, the Kamigo flora of Tsuruoka, the Ikazuchi flora of Ikazuchi, the Okiniwa and the Oguni floras of Oguni were studied by the present authors. As listed in Table 3, 191 species which fall in 55 families and 123 genera were recognised from these four floras. It is suggested that these fossil plants were deribed to the sedimentary basins from the successive three forests such as the oak-laurel forest of lowland, the Comptonia-Liquidambar forest on adjacent slopes, and the temperate forest on surrounding mountains. The general physical condition under which these floras existed are supposed to be humid and warm to temperate climate in a region affected by a warm sea, as seen in the modern forests of Pacific coastal regions in southwestern Japan.

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In this study, we investigate the relationship between employed parents' work-family conflict and their children's psychological health. Specifically, we examine whether and how parental role performance intervene the relationship between parents' work-to-family conflict and mental health of their children. We compare mothers and fathers as to how the three dimensions of work-family conflict (time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based) may affect children's psychological distress via parental role performance.

While a number of prior studies have investigated the determinants of work-family conflict, a relatively smaller number of research has looked into the consequence that employees' work-family conflict brings about. Studies have shown that in general conflict is positively associated with workers' depressive symptoms. However, we still do not know how employees' conflict affects psychological well-being for their “significant others,” such as spouse and children. Although the importance of work-life balance is being recognized in recent times in Japan, and an increasing number of research has started to explore the relationship between employees' work-life balance and organizational performance, few studies have elucidated the relationship between employees' work-life balance and psychological well-being for their family members. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine whether the conflict that working parents experience between paid employment and family life has a negative impact on their children's psychological health. Specifically, we formulate and test the hypothesis that parental conflict deteriorates their performance as parents, which negatively affects children's psychological health.

Using parent-child matched data from a household survey conducted in Tokyo in 2002, we find that employed fathers' work-to-family conflict, in particular, is associated with their lowered performance as a parent, which is associated with a decreased level of children's psychological health. The result suggests that when fathers experience time squeeze and psychological drain from paid employment, they are more likely to face difficulty in maintaining their affectionate parent-child relationships, resulting in lowered psychological health of their children. In contrast, we find little evidence that mothers' work-family conflict deteriorates their parental behavior and decreases children's mental health.

Interestingly, mothers' strain-based conflict directly increased children's psychological distress. For fathers, in contrast, all three dimensions of work-to-family conflict exerted negative influence on their children's mental health via their parental role performance. These results suggest that fathers' job-related behaviors, as well as their stress and time constraints, exhibit negative influence on children's psychological well-being. Furthermore, our findings imply that in addition to the policies designed to increase fathers' family involvement, we must also take into account how aspects of work environment that affect fathers' parental behaviors may be changed.

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