The purpose of this study is to be critical consideration of “the inner game theory” advocated by W. T. Gallwey and to be of help toward teaching methods from now.
The inner game theory focused on the inside of sport participant and introduced the ways of Oriental meditation into the one of concentration in sport. Three problems from his theory were selected. That is, (1) exclusion of affection, (2) automatical moving potential, and (3) ways of concentration. These were examined from points of Neurophysiology, Sport Psychology, Neuropsychology, Bewegungslehre, Yoga, Buddism and so on.
The present author concluded as follows:
As the exclusion of affection needs the control of the autonomic nervous system, it is possible that the ways of Oriental meditation are available. But it is doubt that his ways of concentration are effective certainly so that the common ways of the active meditation repeat fixed actions. Though his theory leaves room for doubt, he gives us the important suggestion which fuses between modern Western and Oriental ideas.

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 The present study was conducted to examine and discuss the process of training and improvement of the NK Junior College Women’s Volleyball Team (Team NK) to win the 1999 Women’s College Volleyball Spring League Championship in Kyushu, with the aim of providing knowledge required to give advice on volleyball.

1) The fact that Team NK won the spring league championship suggests that even weak teams become competitive if they show improvement.
2) The players became confident by confronting and overcoming their team’s problems, and the confidence helped them further improve and significantly contributed to their winning the championship.
3) As another factor leading to their winning the championship, each player did their best to un derstand and fulfill their roles, which helped them unite as a team, and, as a result, the team realized its potential.
4) To increase the competitiveness of a weak team, its coaches and players must integrate their thoughts and coordinate their opinions. Members of Team NK were able to unite as a team and became confidence because they were satisfied with policies presented by the head coach, and, as a result, the previously weak team continued to be competitive throughout the championship.
5) The following also contributed to the team’s winning the championship: The head coach did his best to listen to the players and convince them, instead of making decisions by himself and solely giving instructions to them, and avoided using negative words to provide advice in relation to the results of games. The results of the study suggest that the remarks of coaches are important to improve teams.
6) To accomplish goals, it is more important to help players improve themselves as persons rather than their techniques and skills. Therefore, coaches have a significant responsibility to offer them direction and lead them.

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本稿は、戦後初期における野球雑誌の変容とその社会背景について検討するものである。具体的には『ベースボール・マガジン』での啓蒙志向と娯楽志向をめぐる議論に着目し、編集者や読者がどのような雑誌のあり方を求めたのかについて分析する。その分析を通して、当時の雑誌を取り巻くメディア環境（テレビの登場）や、野球というスポーツに対する社会的な認識を明らかにする。 一九四六年に創刊された『ベースボール・マガジン』は、一流の論者によって読者を教化するという啓蒙志向を打ち出した。「精神修養」や「民主主義」のような社会的な理念をスポーツ批評によって読者に指導しようとするこの規範は、戦時での雑誌のあり方と形式的には連続していた。戦後社会において、こうした啓蒙志向が読者に対して訴求力を持った背景には、大衆レベルでの教養への憧れが存在した。 だが、同誌は一九五三年に「見る雑誌」化を掲げ、啓蒙志向から娯楽志向への転換を図った。出版界では大衆娯楽誌『平凡』が大きな注目を集め、また同時にプロ野球人気が叫ばれる中で、堅苦しい学生野球論などを「読む」ことの魅力は失われ、映画俳優のように人気選手のプライベートを「見る」ことが次第に求められるようになっていった。こうした啓蒙志向から娯楽志向への転換は、「繰り返し読まれる書籍的な月刊誌」から「その日限りで読み捨てられるフローな週刊誌」へのメディアの形式的な変化とも対応するものであった。以上のような野球雑誌のあり方をめぐる議論の変化からは、戦後社会における人々のスポーツに対する意識の変容も透けて見える。

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　From a constructionist perspective, this study analysed the extent to which sports coverage arouses public identity of belonging to a specific nation, focusing specifically on newspaper coverage of the 2023 World Baseball Classic in Japan, and clarified the type of ‘discourses of nationalism’ were evoked in the coverage. Three types of nationalistic discourse were identified: those centered around ‘us’ (1), discussions concerning the ‘other’ (2), and dialogues involving the ‘internal other’ (3).
　First, regarding (1) the ‘us’ discourse, we focused on comments about the style of play of Japanese players and the Japanese national team, which was dominated by the term ‘small baseball’ prior to the WBC 2023. ‘Small baseball’ is an offensive style of play based on the assumption that Japanese players are physically weak and that they score runs by hitting singles and aggressive base running rather than hitting home runs. As the tournament progressed, however, commentary on ‘small baseball’ diminished and the ‘power’ of the Japanese players was emphasised instead. At the same time, ‘togetherness’ was emphasised, and many episodes reinforcing this were reported.
　Next, with regard to (2) the ‘other’ discourse, we looked for comments that stereotyped the opposing nation. However, we did not find symbolic boundary-drawing expressions of self and other, or overtly hateful expressions towards the ‘other’, as is the case in British newspapers. However, this does not mean that there was no bias against the ‘other’ in the Japanese press. Japanese coverage of the WBC 2023 easily stereotyped certain nations by bringing in characteristics of other sports, and naively stereotyped nations such as Italy and Mexico based on the very broad regional characteristics of Latin culture. Such stereotypical commentary was more common in the sports press than in the general press.
　Finally, with regard to (3) the ‘inner other’ discourse, we focused on the representation of Lars Nootbaar, who was selected for the Japanese national team for the WBC 2023. Before and during the tournament, his dedication, courage and ‘uniquely Japanese’ style of play, as well as his attempts to assimilate into Japanese culture in various aspects, were positively reported. Such commentary was intended to underline his moral qualifications for the national team, and the term ‘samurai’ was used to bestow upon him a symbol of approval.

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The purpose of this study was to grasp 1) whether Karate players were overpowered with opponent's skill, mental or physical factors and 2) what situations they got into on receiving any pressure, in the kumite with differents skill levels of opponents.
The questionnaires were distributed during the begining of Oct. to the middle of Dec.1984. The responses were obtained toward the case of higher level, same level and lower level opponents.
The subiects were 173 Karate players belong to the club in high school, college or company. They were divided in three groups. In the first group, the players had over 2nd dan degree (E group, n=43), in the second group, the players had 1st dan degree (G group, n=53) and in the third group, the players had under 4th kyu degree (P group, n=77).
The results were summarized as follows
1. Especially, the players in P group were more overwhelmed by higher level opponents than the other levels.
2. In the kumite with higher level opponents, players in all groups were overpowered with opponent's skill factor, followed by the mental and physical factors. And players in P group were affected by the mental factor as much as skill factor.
3. Regarding to the players who were overpowered with mental factor, there were no relation to opponent's skill levels in E and G group, but in P group there were many players who had much more pressure in kiumite with higher level opponents than the other levels.
4. Regarding to the players who were overpowered with opponent's skill factor, many of them, disregard to their groups, had much more pressure in kumite with higher level opponents than the other level.
5. To be overpowered with opponent's physical factor was no relation to self and opponent's skill levels.
6. Regardless of degree of opponent's skill levels, players in G group showed tendencies of passive attitudes to wait opponent's attack, to have a strong consciousness of not giving points.
7. In the kumite with higher level opponents, players in all groups showed tendencies that their attacks became monotonous and they could not grasp the timing of opponent's attack or the off guard of opponent. In addition to that, players in G and P groups showed a tendency to confuse how to attack.

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The purpose of this study was to grasp 1) whether female karate players were overpowered with opponent's skill, mental or physical factors and 2) what situations they got into on receiving any pressure, compared with male players.
The questionnaires were distributed during the beginning of Oct. to the middle of Dec.1984. The subjects were 180 male and 53 female karate players belonging to the club in high school. The responses were obtained toward the case of higher level, same level and lower level opponents.
The results were summarized as follows:
1. The both, female and male players were more overwhelmed by higher level opponents than the other levels. But, there were much more female players who had pressure than male players in the kumite with same level opponents.
2. In the kumite with higher level opponents, especially female players were overpowered with opponent's skill factor, compared with other factors. And also, female players showed the same tendency in the kumite with same level opponents.
3. But, there were few female players who had pressure with opponent's physical factor than male players in the kumite with higher level opponents.
4. Regarding to the players who were overpowered with opponent's mental factor, both players showed the tendency that they had much pressure according to higher degree of opponent's skill levels.
5. Regardless of degree of opponent's skill levels, both players showed the tendency to have a strong consciousness of not giving points. In addition to that, female players showed tendencies that their attacks became monotonous, they could not grasp “maai” of attacking and they wait opponent's attack.

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