This paper contains the subject about SC (shopping center) opened in 1973 and 1993. The purpose is to grasp characteristics of the combination between tenants in the SC, the location arid the access condition. Firstly, the study made clear the combination between tenants by the Quantification Theory IV. Secondly, it substantiated the assumption that the SC had hierarchy structure made of key-tenant, sub-key-tenant and tenants by the three dimensional cross tables and the schematizing. In concluding, the tenants that have strong relation to the others are 4 in 1973 and 7 in 1993. The SC has changed from the goods selling to the including service trades.

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This paper contains a report on the location of large sized retail store and the combination of tenants in Kitakyushu City. The result were as follows ; 1) In recent years, scale of large-sized retail stores increase. 2) There is a tendency to have space in store, and it makes stores hard to close. 3) Number of Home Center and Senmonten increase. 4) Ratio of location around central district or shopping district decrease. 5) There are some difference in the combination of a type of industry.

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The purpose of this special issue is to show the progress of marketing science research focusing on the changing behavior of shoppers due to innovations in information technology. Such innovations related to shopping have progressed rapidly. From a long-term perspective, this issue provides an opportunity to think about how the application and penetration of information technology are likely to change shopper behavior and the way of shopping.

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The purpose of this study is to quantitatively understand how shopping behavior trends have changed due to the influence of COVID-19 by using the purchase history of membership cards in the large-scale commercial facilities. The main findings are as follows. In 2020, under the influence of COVID-19, the number of shoppers and purchases decreased, and the number of visits decreased by more than 20% in areas far from the subject shopping center. The average length of time spent in the shopping center showed a difference in trend depending on distance from the target facility and age.

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This study aims to examine the possibility that local airport terminals become the place of the bustle in city, and that airport terminals are constructed by using private actuation. As a result, the following findings were obtained. 1) Suitability of amalgamation of airport terminal and facilities that create bustle depends on distance relation between airport and city in surrounding. 2) If the terminal facilities are introduced as tenant in compound commercial facilities of private possession such as shopping center, terminal construction and management in the use of private actuation have a possibility approving the profit as a business.

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Large scale shopping centers in suburbs have generated serious external diseconomies, such as environmental problems and downtown desolation. Finally, the bill to control locations of disordered large scale shopping centers cleared the Diet. It is also a great chance to reform our car dependent lifestyle. Compact urban layout is very important concept to realize this reform. Smooth linkage between public transportation terminals and large scale shopping centers is indispensable countermeasure for future. We need to know that “Urban planning” is something different from “Regulation”. From the standpoint of urban planning, it is required to search for the best solution based on the condition of each case.

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本研究では，2016年熊本地震で被災した熊本市健軍商店街を対象として，通行量調査，タクシー利用者数データ，インタビュー調査を用いて，核店舗の被災が地域住民及び周辺店舗へ及ぼした影響を明らかにする．結果として，核店舗の営業再開は商店街の通行量や買い物タクシー利用者数の回復に大きく寄与したが，震災以前の水準までは回復しきれず，核店舗の営業休止中に住民の買い物行動が変化，営業再開後もそれが維持されている可能性が示唆された．また，コミュニティ活動を目的とした商店街訪問者は震災前後で維持されており，コミュニティ機能が震災及び核店舗の営業休止による商店街の賑わいの低下を軽減させることに寄与したことが示された．

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Objective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental load of the distribution stage which is as important as the production stage. This study constructs an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) framework for production, which evaluates the environmental load influenced by different distribution and sales form. This framework includes the delivery, cargo work, safekeeping, sale and the shopping trip of the consumer as part of distribution stage. Vending machine, large-scale retail store and convenience store are compared as forms of sales. Details of the lifecycle environmental load of the distribution stage are analyzed, and effective measures to reduce the environmental load (CO₂) are examined.
Results and Discussion. This study analyzes the lifecycle environmental load of cooling a soft drink in a can and the difference among the distribution and sales forms. Percentage in the LC-CO₂ is 47% with large-scale retail store, 56% with convenience store, 57% with vending machine. It is found that the distribution stage has a great influence on LC-CO₂. Vending machine exhausts most LC-CO₂, mainly because of refrigeration, and for large-scale retail store, shopping trip make a large share. The analyzes suggests four major measures for reducing LC-CO₂ : 1) It is effective to shorten the stock time of the vending machine; 2) LC-CO₂ in buying a drink from a vending machine and consuming it immediately is less than LC-CO₂ in buying it from a large-scale retail store and putting it in a refrigerator for a long time; 3) A trade-off between the stock time in refrigerators and frequent delivery of small quantities indicates the optimal delivery interval of six days; 4) CO₂ emissions can be reduced by 15% if consumer make shopping trip by bus, scooter or bicycle.
Conclusions. The share of distribution and sales stages is dominant. To propose the LC-CO₂ reduction measure requires an evaluation of the difference among the forms of distribution.

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The use of ICT is becoming common in architectural design. It is expected that the increasing use of simulations and various AI technologies will lead to further improvements in the evaluation of spatial performance during the design stage. This study develops a data-driven agent model to simulate consumer shopping behavior in a large-scale commercial facility, with the ultimate aim of identifying the optimal store arrangement and passage shape. The subject commercial facility is a shopping center with 232 stores and 68,640 square meters of floor space. Four stories of the facility are above ground and one story is below. The data obtained from the facility and used in the model included (1) the number of entering/exiting visitors, (2) the purchase histories of membership cardholders, and (3) the number of visitors passing various points in the facility’s passageways. The membership cards of shoppers gave the authors access to 300,000 to 400,000 purchase histories of approximately 100,000 cardholders per month. To model consumer shopping behavior, the transition probabilities of moving between stores were generated from the available purchase histories. The results are as follows.

Two types of stores were identified by analyzing the 215×215 matrix of store-to-store transition probabilities generated from the available purchase histories. The first type includes stores targeted by visitors whose have a clear purpose upon entering the SC. The second type includes stores where visitors tend to make purchases as a result of shopping around rather than having a clear purchase objective in mind immediately upon entry to the facility. The between-store transition probabilities involving stores on the same floor tended to be relatively high, especially in the food court area and the area where similar clothing stores was clustered. On the other hand, the transition probabilities involving stores on different floors tended to be relatively low, particularly the probabilities of going from the first basement floor, the third floor, and the fourth floor to the second floor.

The simulation was generally successful in reproducing macroscopic phenomena such as the number of visitors staying and leaving the SC by using the number of entering visitors and the between-store transition probabilities as input data. The exit-selection probabilities showed a high degree of reproducibility under the assumption that the exit used by leaving visitors would be the same as the entrance they had used. The ability of the simulation to reproduce passage use was rather low when it was assumed that the visitor would select only the shortest route to move from one store to another. However, the simulation results more closely approximated the measured values when the route selection parameters for some of the passages were adjusted.

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Authors gathered and investigated annual energy consumption of 4,194 retail facilities. The retail facilities were classified by the retail categories into department store, general merchandise store, grocery store, garment store, household merchandise store, home center, drag store, convenience-store, shopping center and specialized store. The average of total floor area and annual primary energy consumption per unit floor area were compared among the retail categories. Except the combination between department store and shopping center, these retail categories showed a significant difference in the total floor area and/or annual energy consumption per total floor area. This result implies that classification by retail category contributes to understand the characteristics of energy consumption.

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目的　高齢者の歩行量を維持・増加させることには多くの健康上望ましい効果が期待できる。しかし，健康日本21（第二次）中間評価では，高齢者の歩数が目標値まで達成できなかったことが報告されている。そのため，従来とは異なるアプローチに建造環境（街路ネットワーク，施設や居住密度，土地利用など人工的に造られる環境）を通じた身体活動量や歩数の維持・増加をもたらすゼロ次予防が注目されている。本研究では，建造環境の1つである生鮮食料品店の変化と歩行時間の変化との関連を明らかにすることを目的とした。

方法　日本老年学的評価研究（JAGES）が27市町の要介護認定を受けていない65歳以上を対象に実施した自記式郵送調査データを用いた2016・2019年度の2時点での縦断パネル研究である。目的変数は，歩行時間の2時点の変化（増加あり・なし）とし，説明変数は追跡前後の徒歩圏内にある生鮮食料品（肉，魚，野菜，果物など）が手に入る生鮮食料品店の有無の2時点の変化を5群にカテゴリー化（なし・なし：参照群，なしとわからない・あり，あり・あり，あり・なしとわからない，その他）したものである。調整変数は2016年度の人口統計学的要因，健康行動要因，環境要因，健康要因の計14変数とした。統計分析は，ロバスト標準誤差を用いたポアソン回帰分析（有意水準5％）で歩行時間の増加なしに対する歩行時間の増加ありとなる累積発生率比（cumulative incidence rate ratio：CIRR）と95％信頼区間（confidence interval：CI）を算出した。分析に使用する全数のうち，無回答者などを欠測として多重代入法で補完した。

結果　歩行時間の増加ありが13,400人（20.4％）だった。追跡前後で徒歩圏内の生鮮食料品店の有無の変化が「なし・なし」（6,577人，10.0％）と比較した場合，「なしとわからない・あり」（5,311人，8.1％）のCIRRは1.12（95％CI：1.03-1.21）だった。

結論　徒歩圏内の生鮮食料品店が増加していた者で，高齢者の歩行時間が増加した者の発生が12％多かった。暮らしているだけで歩行量が増える建造環境の社会実装を目指す手がかりを得られたと考える。

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In order to predict the energy demand of buildings, it is important to establish a database of energy consumption accurately for various buildings. As the commercial building is becoming large-scale and multipurpose, the traditional energy basic unit (average-based) is considered not to be suitable to the energy prediction for this kind of buildings. This study aims at proposing a method to establish the energy basic unit (floor utilization based) that can be used to predict energy more accurately. For this purpose, investigations on General Merchandising Store were conducted in Tokyo and Chiba area. Based on the results, the patterns and characteristics of the energy demand are analyzed in this paper and a new energy basic unit called as "floor utilization based energy demand basic unit" is presented. This new basic unit is shown to be more accurate than the conventional one.

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THE MAIN CONCEPT OF CONVENIENCE STORES IS TO HAVE A CONVENIENT PLACE, TIME SERVICE, AND AN ASSORTMENT OF MERCHANDISE FOR CUSTOMERS. THEY ARE OPEN 24 HOURS AND ARE LOCATED ON THE MAIN STREET OR RESIDENTIAL AREAS. A CONVENIENCE STORE IS A RELATIVELY SMALL SHOP BUT HAS A LOT OF CUSTOMERS FOR ITS SIZE. THEY CANNOT KEEP PARKING LOTS AND HAVE CAUSED TRAFFIC PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF THE SHOP SIZE. THIS PAPER STUDIES ABOUT THE PROBLEMS WITH CONVENIENCE STORES FROM THE VIEW POINT OF CONTROLLING ON-ROAD PARKING AND MANAGING AREA PARKING.

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