本稿の目的は，1901年に近衛篤麿によって発行された雑誌『東洋』に関して，この雑誌が果たした歴史的な役割について考察するものである．まず，雑誌『東洋』の発刊の目的を明らかにし，同雑誌に関与した東洋倶楽部と経緯社について詳らかにした．そして，『東洋』が日本新聞社の『日本週報』と合併した経緯を明らかにし，『日本週報』が日露開戦過程において果たした役割を考察し，これをメディア史の中に位置づけた．

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Before the outbreak of war with Russia, top-level leaders in the Japanese Government, who well knew the limits of the nation's power and resources, hoped to confine the hostilities to a limited theater and a short time: the Japanese army was to fight in Manchuria no further than Harbin; the war itself was to last about a year. Within these limitations, Japan would have a good chance against Russia; Japanese leaders hoped for a mediator to come forward before the war went any further, to end it and make peace between the belligerents.
For Japan, then, it was crucial to avoid an expanded war at the level of world war, and particularly to avoid being perceived as a common enemy of the Christian countries of the West. In this regard, it was absolutely necessary to prevent a revival of fears of the “Yellow Peril” (primarily raised by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany around the end of the Sino-Japanese War 1894-5) during the war with Russia.
At the outbreak of the war in February 1904, therefore, two special envoys were sent overseas to counter this potential anti-Japanese sentiment: Baron KANEKO Kentaro to the United States, and Baron SUYEMATSU Kencho to Europe. Both were proficient in English, fluent spokesmen for their Government. They spent over a year on their mission with remarkable effectiveness; with the Anglo-French Entente of April 1904, the danger of an expanded war was eliminated; there was no resurgence of anti-Oriental feeling—and of course no new crusade—in either the United States or Europe, despite Japan's successes against Christian Russia.
Japan found its mediator in American President Theodore Roosevelt; the Treaty of Portsmouth in September 1905 ended the Russo-Japanese War as the Japanese leaders had hoped. Japan accomplished her war objective, which was to safeguard her independence from Russian aggression in the Far East. But in the victory of an emerging island empire in the East over an old and powerful European nation, the “Yellow Peril” was felt to have become a reality for the West. Fear of the “Yellow Peril” manifested itself, thereafter, in the immigration policies of the United States and the other “white” countries of the Pacific basin. It became a continuing source of diplomatic friction.

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The purpose of this study is to find out how the British Government evaluated modern Japanese army officer education through an analysis of the “General Report on the Japanese System of Military Education and Training 1906”. The General Report is a report on army education and training in Japan, prepared in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War. This report remained a classified document of the British Government until 1972 and has not, to the best of my knowledge, been the subject of any research into the history of modern Japanese education or comparative studies of modern Japanese and British education. During the Meiji period, the type of person sought in Japan’s education policy was important. In Meiji era Japan, where the slogan was ‘wealthy nation, strong army’, it is not surprising that the character required by the military would also influence the character aimed for in Japanese general education. As you know, Japan was a latecomer to the modern world and used education as a ‘lever’ to achieve modernisation. In this sense, Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War in September 1905 demonstrated to Japan and to the rest of the world that Japan’s modernisation policy had succeeded in a short time. The British Government took note of the educational training in the Japanese Army as a factor in this success, and organised a survey in Japan in 1906. The General Report is unique in that it refers not only to army education and training at Japanese military academies and army infant schools, but also to general education, i.e. primary and secondary education. The General Report, prepared in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War, summarised the British Government’s investigation into why Japan had won the Russo-Japanese War and why it had been able to triumph over the great power of Russia, focusing on the army officer education system. The British had clearly realised between 1899 and 1902 that the Second Boer War had ushered in a period of ‘Crisis of the British Empire’. It then began to explore whether this crisis of empire could be overcome through the power of education. The fact that Japan had defeated Russia was of great interest to the British, who wanted to overcome the crisis of empire through the power of education. It is against this background that the report was produced. It is worth noting that in 1906, Japanese education was attracting attention from Britain, which was an advanced country at the time. The following two points became clear from this study: (1) The British authorities were interested in the education at Japanese army elementary schools modelled on the German model. (2) The British authorities were interested in the education policy that had a consistent moral education as its core in the education at ordinary high schools and junior high schools that were connected to the army elementary schools to compensate for the wartime shortage of officers.

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　本論文は,

からアジア太平洋戦争期 (1904～1945) までの「慰問袋」募集・送付活動について, 数量の推移や仕組みの発達を明らかにすることを目的とし, 慰問袋の募集と送付に関する新聞記事, 新聞広告, 業界紙, 団体機関誌, 軍事後援団体の報告書等を収集し, 分析した.

　慰問袋の数量の推移については,

や日中戦争だけでなく, 東北九州災害や青島攻略, 関東大震災でも多数の慰問袋を送る活動がおこなわれており, 単線的に増加したわけではないことを明らかにした.

　慰問袋の変遷は,

時を発生期, 東北九州災害・第一次世界大戦から関東大震災までを発達・完成期, 「満洲事変」から日中戦争・太平洋戦争前期までを拡大・定着期, 太平洋戦争後期を衰退期とみなすことができた. 東北九州災害から関東大震災までの時期 (1914-1923) が, 慰問袋募集・送付活動の仕組みの成立にとっては重要な時期であることがわかった.

　慰問袋募集・送付活動の仕組みは, 慰問袋の送り手は女性男性子ども大人を問わず個人であり, 取扱機関は婦人会・青年団など地域の団体や, 学校, 百貨店, 製薬・製菓などの会社, 新聞社であり, 手続き方法は上記の取扱機関に手製または購入した慰問袋を持ち込む, 店頭で購入と同時に送付を申し込む, 新聞社などに代金を寄付する, のいずれかであることが明らかになった.

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