A proper type of building is essential to create a good urban form. Perimeter-shape blocks have been accepted in Western cities. Despite the general quality as urban architecture, they have never been common in Japanese cities partly because they face other than south and stand adjacent streets. The weakness can be overcome and turned to be valuable quality by cooperative design of buildings, streets and blocks. The case is on Makuhari Baytown, a newly developed 8900-unit residential district in Chiba coastal area, which completed urban quarters of housing blocks with street wall and courtyard. This paper discusses the practice of block architecture based on the Design Guidelines.

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To create comfortable and beautiful urban space, harmony of ordinary buildings is more significant than single masterpieces. Developers and architects need to be conscious with urban architecture in their practice. This paper discusses design coordination that realizes collective architecture by means of design review and negotiation. A case study is on Makuhari Baytown, newly developed 8900-unit residential district in Chiba coastal area. Chiba Prefecture, the primary developer, appointed two Project Supervisors and seven Urban Designers to organize a design coordination system which involved public-private collaboration in urban design and which led developers and architects to improve their building schemes into urban architecture.

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 This research clarified the following three points on the venue design process for EXPO’70 and five types of Tange’s collaborative design projects.

 1. The author ordered the design process of the symbol zone chronologically based on the minutes of official meetings and the construction process chart for EXPO’70.

 2. The author visualized the design process of the symbol zone based on the drawings and model photos of the venue plan for EXPO’70.

 3. The author classified the collaborative design projects in which Tange participated into five types, and considered the relationship between the design process for the symbol zone and these five types of projects. The author clarified the following three points about the collaborative design for EXPO’70:

 3-1. Tange and Uzo Nishiyama were both famous professor-architects, and it was very difficult to put together their different ideas.

 3-2. Tange managed the design office for main facilities of EXPO ‘70 as producer. Using his experiences at the laboratory, Tange encouraged the staff members to freely exchange their views.

 3-3. Tange and Taro Okamoto previously worked together for the design for the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office in 1958. Okamoto’s elevated ideals to integrate art and architecture later realized in their proposal for the “Taiyo no tou (Tower of the Sun)” at the Omatsuri Hiroba (Festival Plaza) in 1970.

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Through the past researches, authors defined “polysemy” as the character of a word which creates many different meanings among other words in a sentence. Following this, the behaviors of words used in the text description by architects have been investigated by focusing on the relationship between each word. This research aimes to obtain a new potential perspective to reevaluate the word "Ma", and to observe the conceptual structure in a part. Therefore, the objective of this research is to reveal the polysemy of "Ma" in text description of buildings by architects. As a result, at least 19 types of polysemy of “Ma” and their relationships in the text description by architects were revealed.

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日本の住空間は気候風土とともに,生活道具(以下道具)と密接に関わりあいながら独自の様式を築いてきた。しかし明治以降は西欧化の影響と,特に第二次大戦後は工業化社会の進展によって,住空間は工業製品で満たされた。これに対し,今日住空間と道具の関係は未だ新しい秩序を生むに至っていない。本研究は,この住空間と道具双方がどのように変容を続けているかを明らかにしようとするものである。ここでは主に文献に表われる双方の様々な実情を,KJマップの作成とその解析により考察したものであり,下記の知見を得た。1)機能的デザインによる道具の充足は,フォルクス・ワーゲン・ビートルの最多生産年である1966年を一つのピークと見ることができるが,以降は機能主義は後退し,楽しみのための道具へと変容が見られるとともに,多様化すること。2)住空間は道具の増大に対して既に対応能力の限界を越えており,住空間と道具の双方をカバーする新しいデザイン理論が必要となってきていること。

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Urban development projects played significant roles in modernization of cities and have recently moved their focus to spatial issues since the quality of urban space fell in such critical condition as decline of city centers and destruction of community. However it is not clear enough how urban space should be formed in the process of projects. This paper looks at four phases of urban design such as vision of city, plan of project, design of space and enablement of design, and analyzes their mechanism through a case study on a private-initiative redevelopment of post industrial site at Miyahara, Saitama.

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公立図書館は地域の知の拠点として地域との関わりの深い公共文化施設であると考えられる。2011年3月11日の東日本大震災により，今後の建築の在り方について様々な議論が行われており，これらの議論は地域の公共建築物の在り方や考え方に大きな変化を与えている。そこで公立図書館を設計する建築家の設計論の中から地域との関わりの深い主題の具体化を抽出し，それらを領域毎に分類・整理した。これらから，公立図書館を設計する建築家の地域に関する表現の広がりを示し，今後の公立図書館の在り方や建築家の地域に考える地域性の一端を明らかにすることを目的としている。

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 Japanese architects frequently use mimetic words when describing their buildings in texts. The mimetic words give concrete description of buildings and embody what architects intended to actualize in the design of the buildings. The meaning of a mimetic word by its linguistic nature is expansible and has associative power. It can embody from material aspects of a building to connoted conceptions behind them. The objective of this paper is to identify embodiment in architecture, of what architects considered in the design of buildings, through the examination of rhetorical expressions by mimetic words in the text descriptions of buildings published in the monthly Japanese architecture magazine, Shinkenchiku.
 The flow of this research is as below:
 1. Extract sentences which contain mimetic word expression used by architects to explain their design of the buildings from Shinkenchiku published during 1950 - 2010.
 2. Extract Subjects, Mimetic words and words expressing Represented meaning. The Subject refers to a building itself or a physical constituent of architecture depicted by a mimetic word in the sentence. The Mimetic word is defined as a sound-symbolic word that describes the Subject in the sentence. The Represented meaning is a meaning expressed by subjects being qualified by a mimetic word.
 3. Classify subjects, sound-symbolic meanings of the mimetic words and represented meanings, and then cross-reference the subjects with the mimetic words and the represented meanings respectively to analyze and derive semantic tendencies when they are combined.
 4. Map out embodied aspects of architecture rhetorically characterized by mimetic word expressions with a matrix in which the vertical axis is the tendency of meaning by the combination of the subjects and the mimetic words, and the horizontal axis is that of the subjects and the represented meanings.
 As a result, four semantic tendencies are found from the analysis of combination of the subjects and the mimetic words: (1) Scale of physical property perceived by body, (2) Qualitatively defining boundary of internal and external of building, (3) System of architectural space actualized by clearness or vagueness, and (4) Surplus aspect of space. From the analysis of combination of the subjects and the represented meanings, four semantic tendencies are found: (A) Optimization of building part by amplifying physical property, (B) Obtaining sign by primary component, (C) Conversion of surrounding components to scene, and (D) Space with effect on emotion. In the end, 26 typical embodied aspects of architecture expressed in mimetic word descriptions are identified through the mapping.
 In summary, architects use mimetic words to extend the meaning of buildings and reveal their relational characteristics with the surrounding environments. The mimetic expressions depict giving and receiving actions between building components and environmental elements and elaborate the active and passive relationships of each other. They also add conceptions implied beyond immediate appearances of buildings expressing architects' own sensitivity. Furthermore, they describe building configuration and space assembly as a part of the given environments within which building components behave. Through the research of the mimetic word expressions, this paper revealed a thought of Japanese architecture that is comprehended as dynamic relationships among architectural space constituent elements placed in environments.

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