序論：1907（明治 40）年に発生した山梨県大水害において，薬剤師志村権左衛門が行った災害医療支援（飲用水の供給）について調査を行った． 方法：次の資料による文献調査を行った．国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション，東京薬科大学図書館所蔵史料，東京都公文書館収蔵史料，国立公文書館収蔵史料，山梨県ならびに山梨市公刊資料． 結果・考察：山梨県は四方を山岳に囲まれた地域であり，災害時には他府県からの援助物資の到着に時間を要する．その状況にあった山梨県大水害（1907（明治 40）年）において薬剤師?志村権左衛門は，医薬品供給ではなく飲用水の製造と配布という公衆衛生活動により被災者に対する災害医支援活動を行った．これは災害時等に医薬品供給が見込めない状況下でも薬剤師はその職能をもって支援活動が可能であることを 20 世紀初頭 に示した事例である．

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Molecular genetic studies of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) kindreds led to the discovery of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene on human chromosome 5q21. Mutations in APC appear to be responsible for not only FAP but also many sporadic cancers of the colorectal axis, stomach, and esophagus. The APC protein contains regions that may form an α-helical coiled-coil structure, and a subdomain of the first 55 as form a stable, parallel helical dimer. Antibody studies showed that the wild-type, but not mutant, APC protein is associated with the microtubule cytoskeleton. The predicted structure of APC, its localization, and its interaction with β-catenin suggested its involvement in cell adhesion. In fact, recent studies demonstrated that APC is localized to plasma membrane sites involved in active cell migration. At the same time, β-catenin interacts with hTcf-4 and Lef transcription factors. hTcf-4 transactivates transcription only when associated with β-catenin. We recently constructed a gene knockout mouse strain in which the mouse homolog of the human APC was inactivated by homologous recombination. Using this mouse strain, we elucidated the mechanism how the polyp adenomas are formed in both morphological and genetic aspects. At the same time, we investigated the effects of carcinogens and anticancer agents on the polyposis. Accumulating evidence indicates that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the incidence of colorectal cancers in human and experimental animals, and reduce the polyp number and size in FAP patients. Recently, evidence has been presented that COX-2 is induced in human colorectal cancers, and in the polyps of mouse FAP models. Accordingly, we inactivated the COX-2 gene in our FAP model mice, and demonstrated that both the number and size of polyps are reduced dramatically. In addition, a COX-2 selective inhibitor caused similar results to COX-2 gene knockout mutations. These genetic and pharmacological data open the possibility of effectively treating human FAP and various cancers with COX-2 selective inhibitors, a new class of NSAIDs.

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 We created a draft of new patient information leaflets to ensure patients' proper use of drugs and to highlight safety issues and improvement plans extracted and proposed by small group discussions (SGD) with pharmacists. A total of 3 SGDs (participants: 15 pharmacists) were conducted with the aim of improving patient information leaflets for oral diabetes drugs. First, the disadvantages and advantages of the current instructions as well as requests for ideal patient information leaflets were obtained from participants. Conventional patient information leaflets that could be improved were useful to understand drug efficacy, adverse effects, and instructions for daily consumption of medicines, and to encourage patients to re-check drugs at home and inform their family of the measures to be taken in the case of adverse effects from the standpoint of patients. However, some disadvantages arose; for example, the instructions were difficult to read because of small lettering and illustrations and too much text. It was not tailored for individual patients, and descriptions about serious adverse effects caused patients much anxiety. Therefore, we have created a draft of new patient information leaflets with diabetes that are simpler and easier to understand and use concise wording and illustrations that are impactful.

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「完全長cDNA構造解析」プロジェクト内において、波形から推定される測定精度として99.9999975%（Phrapスコア76）を実現した。配列解析の困難な難読cDNAを分類し、解析手法を提示し、分子レベルでの原因を解析した。難読cDNAの要因は、長い繰り返し、２塩基高頻度配列、２次構造、１塩基反復配列に分類でき、反応系を変えてできるだけ読み進めた後、ランダム法を用いて解析した。難読の要因となる長い繰り返しは、タンパク質をコードする領域にも81%と多く存在していた。散在性反復配列はヒトゲノムでは48%と多いが、cDNAでは17%と少ない。その中でもA-rich領域をもち、コピーアンドペースト型の転移をするSINE/Aluの難読cDNAにおける頻度は高く、ヒトゲノムに匹敵する10%であった。

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目的：東京大学薬学図書館は薬史学文庫を所蔵している．本稿では薬史学文庫の「北支関係・満洲関係」綴の復刻出版の意義を明らかにする． 方法：復刻出版の経緯，刈米達夫の漢薬調査，岸修の阿片資料について述べる． 結果・結論：復刻出版を契機として日中戦争期の興亜院による薬草調査と阿片政策研究が促進されることが期待される．

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Previous studies have reported the inappropriate administration of medication at nursery schools by the staff and a lack of drug-related information from caregivers at the time of request. However, the situation concerning medication administration at nursery schools from the mothers' perspective is unknown and it is not clear what information the mothers provided to nursery staff at the request. We conducted an online survey between April and May 2019 regarding the administration of medication at the nursery school with input from 600 mothers. Overall, 510 (85%) individuals replied that the requests to administer medication were acceptable for all or some of the medications. Application forms for medications were used by 91% of the 301 mothers who had previously made such requests. Although information including the child's name, medication times, illness of the child, parent's name, and dosage form was specified by over 70% of mothers, drug-related information such as effectiveness, side effects, and drug interactions was insufficient. In total, 41 instances of inappropriate medication administration by staff were reported by 35 mothers. It is suggested that the drug information sheets provided by community pharmacies should make up for inadequate drug-related information on application forms for medications to avoid the risk of adverse events and reduce staff burden. Toward this end, it is necessary to provide easily understandable information sheets for nursery staff, as the medication is usually administered by nursery staff, not a nurse. Community pharmacists should support these measures as pharmaceutical professionals.

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A 6-year pharmaceutical education system was initiated over a decade ago in Japan because highly skilled pharmacists are needed by communities and hospitals. The current national examination for pharmacists consists of three sections, and its primary purpose is to assess the ability of students to apply the pharmaceutical knowledge they attained at university or college to real-world practice in medical care. We aimed to examine the attitudes of clinical pharmacists working in community pharmacies and hospitals regarding the practical section of the national examination for pharmacists. An online survey was conducted between November 2018 and January 2019. The results of this survey showed that 15 out of the 50 total pharmacists surveyed attempted to answer or skimmed through some questions from the practical section of the 103rd national examination for pharmacists. On the contrary, a little less than half of the pharmacists disregarded the examination content. The participants answered 10 questions extracted from the 103rd national examination that were related to real-world practice. They considered most information to be necessary knowledge in clinical situations, e.g., that concerning drug and food interactions. Furthermore, self-medication and treatment at home that are and will be increasingly required for pharmacists in the future were considered relevant and important.

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Objective:Marketing specialists (MSs) from pharmaceutical wholesalers might shore up post-marketing surveillance (PMS) by pharmaceutical manufacturers. The purposes of this study were as follows: to research problems in PMS found by market specialists, to find solutions for these problems, and motivating MSs to work on PMS.
Methods: We conducted a workshop with 12 MSs, who were already working on PMS operations. Participants were divided into three groups. Each group discussed problems with their PMS operations using the KJ method, discussed the potential solutions for the problems, and finally presented them in a plenary debate session. Questionnaire surveys were conducted for the participants before, immediately after, and 6 months after the workshop.
Results: This workshop revealed two crucial and urgent problems on PMS faced by MSs: lack of feedbacks to clinical site and lack of publicity of the significance of PMS by MSs. Several solutions were suggested: browsing system of collected information, publication of the stages of improvement in pharmaceutical preparations and packaging, and distributing leaflets about PMS by MSs. In addition, this workshop conferred a positive influence on the participants: in the post-workshop questionnaires, most of the participants answered that they could well understand the problems (92%) and the solutions (75%) on PMS, and that they could improve their attitudes toward PMS operations (83%). .
Conclusion: This workshop was quite effective for most of the participants in searching the problems, considering the solutions, and improving their attitudes. Organization of several such workshops might result in better PMS by MSs.

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Pharmacists attended an interprofessional team meeting that included nurses and care workers at fee-based homes for the elderly to assess the association between medication, health status, and living conditions provided by care workers. A visually based comparative worksheet on a timeline was used. This study aimed to clarify the role of pharmacists in interprofessional collaboration. A total of 47 residents at 13 facilities were assessed, and drug deprescription or prescription changes were provided in 39 cases. The cases were classified according to the reason for the change, e.g., discontinuation of unnecessary medication, the possibility of a harmful event, examination of therapeutic effect, and improving drug adherence. The participation of pharmacists helped clarify information about medication and health status and contributed to reducing drug-related problems in many cases.

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In recent years, pharmacists have shifted their approach from a non-personal to an interpersonal one, with communication skills becoming essential for their daily work. It is not clear how much high school students, at the age at which they have to plan their careers, are aware of pharmacists’ work. The purpose of this study was to clarify the perception of pharmacists among high school students and guardians, which may influence their career paths. In July 2020, an online survey involving 300 high school students and 300 guardians of the students was conducted to examine their perception of pharmacists. The survey included questions about the image of pharmacists (hospital and community pharmacists separately), their tasks, need for knowledge, importance of aptitude, and need for communication. Both high school students and guardians had low awareness of interpersonal work such as consultation other than medicine (46.0％-52.0％), home visitation (30.7％-44.0％), and multidisciplinary cooperation of community pharmacists (39.7％-45.3％). Moreover, they did not consider that the job particularly required communication skills. It is suggested that pharmacists should make efforts to raise the awareness of high school students and guardians about the pharmacy profession and actively engage with patients, their families, and the community.

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ホスラブコナゾール_L-リシンエタノール付加物（F-RVCZ）を含む爪白癬に対する薬剤の費用対効果を，完全治癒率と質調整生存年（quality-adjusted life years：QALY）をアウトカムとして評価した．

各薬剤の標準的な投与期間における投与開始48週間後の評価をした場合，F-RVCZを最も安価のテルビナフィン後発品と比較すると，費用は57,361円増大し，完全治癒率は20.7ポイント増加する．完全治癒者1人増加当たりの増分費用効果比は，277,155円，1 QALY獲得あたりの増分費用効果比は1,979,681円となり，一般的に許容可能な上限値（500～600万円/QALY）の水準を下回っており，費用対効果に優れた薬剤であると判断した．

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Anxiety and difficulty in administering medication to nursery school children has been reported among nursery school teachers. This study aimed to elucidate these issues and explore the possibility of pharmacist support and collaboration. We conducted a postal survey in September 2019 among nursery schools in Tokyo that are categorized as government-authorized schools, certified childcare centers, and prefectural governor-certified schools. A total of 1,537 schools responded to the self-report questionnaires (response rate: 41.2%), and 1,533 responses were analyzed. Of these, 1,488 schools were asked if they would accept requests to administer medication to their school children, and 60.1% of the nursery schools responded that their staff (including teachers and nurses) found it difficult to administer medication. The issues identified included psychological burdens (such as nervousness and pressure about giving the correct medication), staff shortage, insufficient time with the children, and human factors (such as personal perceptions of medication). Additionally, excessive requests to administer medication, caregiver behavior such as low awareness of children’s health and appropriate medication, and poor medication adherence at home were identified as issues. It was suggested that pharmacists could help alleviate these problems through their daily work at the pharmacy. Approximately 49-62% of schools responded that they would request the collaboration of community pharmacists to conduct training sessions for nursery school staff, provide health support for caregivers, and provide general health and medication consultations. The collaboration between nursery schools and community pharmacists may gain importance in the future.

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The difficulty and anxiety of nursery staff in administering medication to children at nursery schools has been reported, and its reduction is desired. However, the attitudes of mothers in requesting medication and the factors related to a high frequency of requests are not clear. We conducted an online survey of 600 mothers from April to May 2019 regarding the administration of medication at nursery school, and 301 mothers who had previously made such requests were analyzed. The results showed that 100.0% and 76.4% of the mothers felt gratitude and were apologetic for requesting medicine administration, respectively. In total, 47.5% of mothers expected pharmacists to support nursery staff in administering medication. Mothers' attitude of “I think the nursery staff should administer medication to my child more often” was significantly positively associated with a high frequency of the request in adjusted Model [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-5.55, p=0.005], while “I think the parents should manage so that the children do not have to take medicine in the nursery school so often” showed a negative association (AOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17-0.66, p=0.002). Factors related to the involvement of community pharmacists were not significant. It is suggested that a change in mothers' attitudes could decrease the frequency of requests and consequently reduce the burden on nursery staff. Community pharmacists may support nursery staff to contribute to changing mothers' attitudes through medication consultations at the pharmacy.

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