For much of the Edo period, Dutch had been the only western language studied in Japan, but with the sudden arrival of Commodore M. C. Perry's four 'black ships' at Uraga Bay in 1853, learning English became indispensable. Under these circumstances, the Tokugawa government ordered Hori Tatsunoske, a Dutch interpreter, to develop an English-Japanese dictionary at the government-run school of European languages. Hori was the first Japanese to have spoken English to a foreign officer at the time of Perry's first official visit to Japan.
In 1863 when the Dictionary was first published, only two hundred copies were printed and distributed by the government. However, the need for this dictionary was so great that it was revised and published again in 1866, 1867 and 1869.
Research on the owners of this dictionary has been carried out by the author from 1998 to 2006. According to this research, there are currently a total of two hundred and eight known copies of this dictionary in existence. The fact that this many of the dictionaries can still be found over a century after their publication shows us how important this first English-Japanese dictionary has been over the years.

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This study developed a Japanese version of the “Regret and Maximization Scale” in decision making, which was originally constructed by Schwartz, Ward, Monterosso, Lyubomirsky, White, and Lehman (2002). This scale measures assess the tendency to experience regret, and individual differences in the desire to maximize or to satisfy. In Study 1, the original version of the “Regret and Maximization Scale” was translated into Japanese and administered to 307 Japanese university students responded the scale. Factor analysis did not replicate the finding of Schwartz et al. (2002). In Study 2, we developed new items, and constructed a “Japanese Version of the Regret and Maximization Scale”, based on the interpretation of the factor analysis in Study 1. This new version of the scale was administered to 163 Japanese university students. The result of factor analysis and reliability analysis indicated that this “Japanese Version of the Regret and Maximization Scale” had a considerably high Cronbach's alpha and conceptual validity.

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  In the increasingly globalized world, developing global health competency (GHC) education by determining the required core elements for undergraduates is on the rise. A growing number of people from different backgrounds have migrated to Japan. To accommodate their various healthcare needs, potential GHC elements that facilitate Japanese GHC education should be identified. This paper aims to extract some of the key GHC elements required for students in medical and healthcare fields based on the abundant experience of Japan’s international health cooperation and to make recommendations for GHC education in Japan and worldwide.

  To date, Japan’s international health cooperation has cultivated a variety of competencies to realize its mission of reducing global health disparities. Japanese GHC elements are the bases of core concepts in healthcare and share commonalities with GHC elements in global communities: Cultural competency, “Go to the People”, respect for diversity, transdisciplinary collaboration, capacity building, independence, people/patient-centered healthcare, and empowerment.

  Comprehensive preparation of these elements is found among kabuki kurokos (black robes), people dressed in all black who assist kabuki actors onstage during performances. The black worn by the kurokos means “nothingness”; they should be invisible on stage, so as not to interfere with the performance. Kurokos understand the culture (values, behaviors, etc.) of the lead actors, manage and coordinate stage proceedings to meet the actors’ needs, and help them achieve the best performance by collaborating with other backstage workers.

  Kurokos’s empowering leadership competency is akin to the Western concept of servant-leadership, which emphasizes being a servant first and devoting oneself to enabling greater health and independence/autonomy among vulnerable people. Japanese educators can exemplify kuroko values by providing their students with GHC education. Japanese GHC elements can be integrated into worldwide GHC education. Spiritual care is also essential for inclusion in GHC education to develop students’ holistic care competency.

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「意匠」の語としての由来は、3世紀後半に、文章の構成の進めかたを説いた陸機『文賦』という漢籍にあり、8世紀に、杜甫が詩のなかで画の構想を苦心して構想する描写に用いた用例が広<知られる。それらの解釈は、作文や絵画の制作における「構想」「旨趣」として理解される。日本では、漢籍からの解釈が学ばれる一方で、字義の訓から、「こころだくみ」「こころのたくみ」としての解釈がなされる。このときの「たくみ」は、「匠」の字義からではなく、ヤマトコトバの語義で理解されたものとみられる。明治初期に、作文や絵画の制作に関する表現以外に、普遍的な思考・思想の上での「考案」や「工夫」といった意味で用いられたことが確認された。「意匠」は、明治の初期には多用されることばではなかったが、明治中頃になって、一般的に用いられるようになっている。Designの対訳語として用いられる以前に、日本語語彙のなかで使用された漢語としての語義の構造があきらかになった。

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This study aims to describe the expansion process of the do-it-yourself (DIY)/Sunday Carpenter in Japan. DIY is generally defined as an activity of making, repairing, or decorating objects in homes by the owners themselves. DIY became popular with the concept of the “Sunday Carpenter,” with carpentry as a hobby popular among males, largely due to the contribution of cartoonist Kikuo Matsushita during the 1960 to 1970s in Japan. Matsushita established the Japan DIY Club as a fellowship of professional entertainers and celebrities in 1960. The club recruited general members in 1969; its membership grew to 45,000 by 1973. Matsushita has made three major contributions. First, he frequently appeared on television and magazines and presented on DIY/Sunday Carpenter. Second, influenced by the UK concept, he claimed and settled his original ideas of “achieving both hobby and profit” and “resistance against industrialization and regaining humanity” in Japanese DIY/Sunday Carpenter. Third, he valued the connection and interaction between the club and the DIY industry and intended to create a new business model by organizing club members and retailers. The study follows the trail of Matsushita and the Japan DIY Club through the bulletin magazine of the club and examines the description and position of the growing population of Japanese DIYers at the time.

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