Line censuses have been undertaken at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, to reveal the avifauna, since 1965. Here we report results of the line census from April 1976 to March 1996. The line census was conducted on a route of 4.1 km between 9:00 – 12:00, in the same way as the census conducted continuously before and after this study. We divided the study period into the early one from April 1976 to March 1986 and the late one from April 1986 to March 1996, and compared the two study periods. We observed 23,190 individuals of 76 species in the early study period (68 censuses) and 29,887 individuals of 72 species in the late study period (95 censuses; 89 species through the whole study period). Comparing 14 species with the higher relative frequency in 10-year-period before the early study period, and the 4-year-period after the late study period as well as the two study periods, Aix galericulata, Anas zonorhyncha, Streptopelia orientalis, Nycticorax nycticorax, and Spodiopsar cineraceus seemed to decrease, while Yungipicus kizuki, Sittiparus varius, Parus cinereus, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Zosterops japonicus, and Emberiza personata seemed to increase. Among these species, Aix galericulata, Anas zonorhyncha, Streptopelia orientalis, Nycticorax nycticorax, Yungipicus kizuki, Parus cinereus, Zosterops japonicus, Spodiopsar cineraceus, and Emberiza personata fluctuated significantly between the early and late study periods. Five and six species without the higher relative frequency also significantly decreased and increased, respectively. For Nycticorax nycticorax, Cyanopica cyanus, Zosterops japonicus, and Spodiopsar cineraceus, in which the numbers observed changed significantly between the two study periods, the changes seemed related to seasonal change. Conversely, the other species in which the observed number changed significantly, did not seem to change seasonally but to increase or decrease through a year. From December to March, ca. 25 species were observed. Twenty seven and twenty five species were observed in April in the early and late study periods, respectively; thereafter the number of species declined and reached a minimum of 17 and 15 species in August, the early and late study periods, respectively, and then switched to an increase during September and November. In November, the number of species reached 23 and 26, respectively. However, the number of species did not differ significantly in any month between the two periods.

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Line censuses have been undertaken at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, to reveal the avifauna, since 1965. We report results of the monthly line census from June 2017 to March 2023. The line census was conducted on a route of 4.1 km between 9:00 – 12:00. We also conducted a twice-yearly capture census with 5 – 11 mist nets (6 m or 12 m length), except for 2019, in order to supplement line censuses. We observed 21,799 individuals of 70 species, with 13 species being numerically dominant (occupying > 90%). From December to March, ca. 25 species were observed; but thereafter the number of species declined and reached a minimum of 15 species or less in August and September, and then switched to an increase during October and November. Compared to the preceding report (2013 – 2017), the numbers of Mareca falcata, Aythya ferina, Cuculus poliocephalus, Columba livia, Fulica atra, Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Egretta garzetta, Pandion haliaetus, Strix uralensis, Terpsiphone atrocaudata, Cyanopica cyanus, Corvus corone, Periparus ater, Urosphena squameiceps, Phylloscopus examinandus, Turdus cardis, T. eunomus, and Cyanoptila cyanomelana had increased, whereas those of Anas crecca, Aythya fuligula, Cuculus canorus, Gallinula chloropus, Accipiter gularis, Butastur indicus, Dendrocopos major, Picus awokera, Falco peregrinus, Garrulus glandarius, Poecile montanus, Phylloscopus coronatus, Troglodytes troglodytes, Spodiopsar cineraceus, Muscicapa griseisticta, Fringilla montifringilla, Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eophona personata, Emberiza cioides, and E. rustica had decreased. Anas zonorhyncha, Streptopelia orientalis, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Ardea cinerea, Accipiter gentilis, Alcedo atthis, Yungipicus kizuki, Corvus macrorhynchos, Sittiparus varius, Parus minor, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Horornis diphone, Aegithalos caudatus, Zosterops japonicus, Passer montanus, Motacilla alba, and Chloris sinica were regarded as resident species. Hirundo rustica and the above 16 species were thought to breed in or around the study area. We captured a total of 234 individuals, representing 18 species, including Spinus spinus which was not recorded in the line census.

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山階鳥研に所蔵される東京帝室博物館旧蔵鳥類標本群（帝室博物館コレクション）は，明治から大正期にかけて2つの国立博物館によって収集された重要な標本群であるが，採集情報の不明確な標本が多く，研究に利用しにくいという課題がある．本研究では帝室博物館コレクションの中に存在するオーストラリア博物館由来標本に注目し，各標本に担保された採集情報を付与することを最終目的に，標本の歴史的経緯について検討した．その結果，オーストラリア博物館由来標本は，1888年に東京教育博物館に送られた195点と，1893年に帝国博物館に送られた134点の計329点で構成されていた．うち326点（99.1％）が山階鳥研に所蔵され，19世紀にオーストラリア博物館から送られた標本のほとんどが現存していたことが判明した．また，本研究では標本の歴史的経緯の検討の過程で，各標本の採集情報を担保する資料が見出された．これにより，オーストラリア博物館に由来する各標本の採集情報の復元を可能とした．

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The Tokyo Imperial Household Museum bird collection held by the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology (YIO) contains many specimens originated from the United States National Museum (USNM) at the Smithsonian Institution. Although the collection includes specimens of extinct species and type specimens, the specimen information kept in the YIO is incomplete. We examined various materials such as ledgers related to the specimens from USNM to clarify the collection transfer history. Our examinations indicated that the specimens from USNM in the Tokyo Imperial Household Museum collection had been derived via three routes: USNM sent (1) 431 specimens to the present Tokyo National Museum in 1877, (2) 773 specimens to the present National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT) in 1877, and (3) 117 specimens to the present NSMT in 1887. We also confirmed that almost all the specimens from USNM are remained in YIO. The present study demonstrates that ledgers and notes on specimens are useful to clarify the collection transfer history which may improve the incomplete collection data.

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Mr. Shigenobu Tachibana donated his private bird collection to the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. The donated collection totalled 276 specimens, consisting of 255 skins, two fluid-preserved birds, three feather sets and 16 eggs. Many of the specimens were collected from the Sanriku coast, northeast of Miyagi Prefecture, from 1949 to 2008. This area was damaged by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and many museum specimens were lost. Therefore, these donated specimens from the Sanriku coast which were not destroyed by the earthquake are especially valuable for ornithology in Japan.

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市販のクレンジングクリームは使用中にO/W（Oil in water）型からW/O（Water in oil）型に転相し，粘度が低下して感触が著しく変化することがしられている。この転相に伴う感触変化をレオメータで評価する新たな測定方法の確立を試みた。その結果，試料に1分間のせん断を印加した後にレオメータの上部プレートを上昇させ，1分間乾燥空気に曝して再度元の位置に戻して測定する方法を10回繰り返す（転相モード）ことで，使用感に対応した粘度変化を観察することができた。さらに，レオロジー測定と同期して測定したインピーダンス特性と小角光散乱（SALS）像の結果から，転相モードでの測定中にO/W型からW/O型への転相が生じていることを確認した。

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症例は62歳男性. 主訴は発熱と胸灼け. 1995年に慢性C型肝炎と診断. 1997年より反復性口内炎, 陰部潰瘍が出現. 1999年に皮膚硬化, 両手指腫脹が出現. 皮膚生検を行い強皮症と診断され, 中等量ステロイド治療 (初期量PSL 30 mg/day, 維持量 10 mg/day) を開始された. 2000年3月に当科受診, 結節性紅斑・口腔内アフタ・陰部潰瘍よりベーチェット病不全型と診断. この頃より軽度の汎血球減少が出現した. 同年11月に発熱, 食道・胃潰瘍が出現. 腸管ベーチェット病と考えられ, PSLの増量となった (PSL 30 mg/dayを3日間投与, 以後漸減され, 維持量 7.5 mg/day). 2002年5月に発熱と胸灼けが出現, 当科に入院. 食道に4ヶ所の潰瘍病変と1ヶ所の盲端瘻孔が認められ, 腸管ベーチェット病の再燃と考えられた. ステロイド剤を増量したが (PSL 30 mg/day), 症状の改善はみられず, 重症肺炎を合併し, 死亡した. 本症例ではベーチェット病に強皮症, 食道潰瘍, 慢性C型肝炎, 汎血球減少を合併した. 極めて稀な病態を合併しているが, 病因などを検討する上で示唆に富む症例と考え報告した.

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Birds serve important ecological roles in urban greenspaces, and understanding the relationship between greenspaces and bird populations is important for conserving urban biodiversity. As many as 100 bird species have been recorded in large urban forests such as those at the Institute for Nature Study and Meiji-jingu Shrine in Tokyo, Japan. The Tamagawa- josui Canal in western Tokyo was established during the Edo period (1653) to supply water, but today it functions as an extended green belt and an important nature reserve. The city of Kodaira is situated along the middle of the canal where the green belt is wider, making it especially suitable for birds. We carried out more than 150 line-transect censuses (each 1.2 km long) of this area every year for 10 years, for a total of 2,069 censuses. In total, these censuses recorded 140,057 individuals from 84 bird species, similar to the numbers found in the Imperial Palace woods and greater than those found in other small woods throughout Tokyo. The avifauna composition (number of species) at Kodaira was more biased towards the forest type and less biased towards the wetland type than at other places. The bird population composition (number of birds) was more biased towards the forest-cropland type and less biased towards the generalist type. The monthly mean number of birds observed decreased in summer, likely because some abundant generalist species, such as the Brown-eared Bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) and Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), leave the area during summer. Our results underline the importance of conserving the Tamagawa-josui canal for the preservation of biodiversity in Tokyo.

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Yoji Yanagihara (1892–1961) was a bird collector in Gifu, Japan. Yanagihara owned bird specimens which Tokutaro Momiyama (1895–1962) collected in Hachijojima. Momiyama stayed in Hachijojima from 1922 through 1925 and collected 2,049 bird specimens with his cooperator on the island until 1934. Of these, Momiyama exchanged 100 specimens with other collectors. In this study, I enumerated 16 bird specimens in the Momoyama collection housed at Yamashina Institute of Ornithology, which I consider that Momiyama obtained through exchange with Yanagihara.

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On Minamitorishima Island, the easternmost island of Japan, 11 species of seabirds were breeding during the Meiji period (about 120 years ago). However, by 1952, nine of these species no longer had breeding populations due to overhunting and environmental destruction. In this study, we clarified the historical background and restored the collected data of specimens from Minamitorishima Island in the Tokyo Imperial Household Museum (TIHM) collection during the Meiji period. As a result, 26 specimens of 11 species from Minamitorishima Island were found, all of which were obtained in connection with the Minamitorishima Island Incident of 1902: the conflict between Japan and the U.S. over the acquisition of this island. For five species of the specimens found in our study, (Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus, Christmas Shearwater P. nativitatis, Brown Booby Sula leucogaster, Black Noddy Anous minutus, White Tern Gygis alba), breeding populations are still absent from Minamitorishima Island. The specimens from Minamitorishima Island in the TIHM collection are useful research resources to elucidate the past breeding populations and/or historical materials to demonstrate a period when seabirds were hunted indiscriminately.

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From March 2004 to September 2017, Mr. Tatsuo Kazama donated his private bird skin collection to the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. This collection is comprised of 851 specimens of 303 species. According to the labels, these specimens were collected mainly from Niigata Prefecture (86%) between 1953 and 2014. The collection covers an over 60-year period, and is valuable material for documenting the bird fauna in Niigata Prefecture.

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　症例は56歳の男性.完全型Behcet病にて加療中,口腔内の疼痛および嚥下痛を訴えたため,上部内視鏡検査を施行したところ,口腔内アフタ,食道上部から中部にかけて多発性の浅い潰瘍を認めた.同時に皮膚,外陰部病変が増悪し, Behcet病に伴う食道病変と診断した.食道および皮膚病変はコルヒチンの増量で軽快したが,19カ月後に再発した. Behcet病に伴う食道病変は稀であり,貴重と考え報告する.

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年を通した比較のための必要調査回数については検討が十分でなかった．そこで東京都小平市の玉川上水沿いの1.4 kmの樹林帯で10年間に2069回のルートセンサス法により鳥類群集調査を実施したデータをもとに，このデータを月1回の「10年間」，「3年間」，「1年間」のデータと比較したところ，種数はこの順に70.2%，54.8%，41.3%，個体数は5.8%，1.8%，0.8%であった．「10年間」では「全データ」で記録されたごく低頻度の種以外は記録され，「3年間」では一部の低頻度の種を除き多くの留鳥，夏鳥，冬鳥が記録されたが，「1年間」ではほかのデータ源では出現頻度の高かったジョウビタキやウグイスといった普通種でも記録できない種があった．全てのデータ源で高頻度であった種はすべて留鳥であった．小平市と皇居における3年間月1回の36回のデータを比較したところ，記録種数は小平市が46種，皇居が67種であった．小平市の2069回分のデータでは84種が記録されたから，調査回数が記録種数に影響を与えているのは明らかである．以上から，鳥類群集を比較する場合は通年調査をした上で，調査回数を揃える必要があることを指摘した．

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A specimen of Rufous-chested Flycatcher Ficedula dumetoria was collected at Shidaihama, Seiro-machi, Kitakanbara-gun, Niigata Prefecture (38°01′ N, 139°17′E) on 15 June 2002. This is the first specimen of this species collected from Japan. However, it is unlikely that this individual had flown to Japan as a wild bird.

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A line census survey has been undertaken at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, every month since 1965. From July 2013 to May 2017 we conducted a monthly line transect census of 4.1 km between 9 : 00–12 : 00 and a twice-yearly capture census with 5–7 mist nets (6 or 12 m length). During the line census, we observed 16,493 individuals of 67 species, with 16 species being numerically dominant (90%). Compared to the preceding line census study (2009–2013), the numbers of Apus nipalensis, Dendrocopos major, Aegithalos caudatus, and Emberiza variabilis showed an increase, whereas those of Anas zonorhyncha, Poecile montanus, Spodiopsar cineraceus, Anthus hodgsoni, Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Turdus naumanni, and Columba livia had decreased. The seasonal fluctuation in the number of species recorded was similar to the preceding study, in that from November to April, 25–30 species were observed; thereafter the number of species declined to 15 species or less in August and September, and then increased to 20 species in October. Tachybaptus ruficollis, Streptopelia orientalis, Ardea cinerea, Accipiter gentilis, Dendrocopos kizuki, Corvus macrorhynchos, Poecile varius, Parus minor, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Cettia diphone, Aegithalos caudatus, Zosterops japonicus, Passer montanus and Motacilla alba were regarded as resident species. Anas zonorhyncha, Hirundo rustica, Chloris sinica and the above 14 species were thought to breed in or around the study area. We captured a total of 247 individuals, representing 20 species, among which Cyanoptila cyanomelana, Turdus cardis and T. obscurus were not recorded in the line census.

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