The Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, α-hydroxyalkylation of activated olefins, has attracted considerable research interest because of the synthetic utility of the densely functionalized product as well as the exquisite tandem Michael-aldol reaction process under nucleophilic catalysis. This review gives an overview on recent remarkable progress in the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions. Several other successful methods affording the Morita-Baylis-Hillman type adducts are also reviewed by focusing their imaginative strategies.

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ハロゲン化物(塩化物,臭化物,ヨウ化物)イオンは固体ヨウ素酸銀との置換反応によりヨウ素酸イオンを遊離する.ヨウ素酸イオンの生成量に基づくI₃^-の紫外部における吸収を測定することによって,微量ハロゲン化物イオンを間接的に定量する方法を検討した.
試料溶液に酢酸とエタノールを加え一定温度にしてから,固体ヨウ素酸銀を加える.よく振り混ぜてから遠心分離した後,上澄液を分取し酢酸とヨウ化カリウム溶液を加える.I₃^-の吸光度を波長350nmで測定することによって,(0.2～3.0)×10^-4Mのハロゲン化物イオンを定量できる.普通の天然水中における塩化物イオンの定量に適用したところ,標準偏差パーセントは1.9%であった.塩化物イオンを中心に定量条件を詳細に検討した.

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ヨウ化物イオンとして10ppm以下の試料溶液10mlを分液漏斗にとり,4.5M硫酸1ml及び3%過酸化水素水1mlを加えて5分間放置の後,四塩化炭素5mlを加え振り混ぜ抽出する。四塩化炭素を分離し0.05M硫酸5mlを加えて振り混ぜ洗浄する。再び四塩化炭素を分離し,0.5Mヨウ化カリウム溶液10mlを加え振り混ぜる。水相を1cmの石英セルに入れ,波長350nmで吸光度を測定する。臭化物イオンの場合は10ppm以下の試料溶液10mlを採り,3M硫酸1ml及び0.015M過マンガン酸カリウム溶液1mlを加えて5分間放置する。以下ヨウ化物イオンと同様な操作で吸光度を測定するが,四塩化炭素の洗浄は0.5M硫酸5mlで行う。共存イオンの影響などを検討し実試料に適用した。一例として,海水中の臭化物イオンを定量したところ63.3ppmであり,相対標準偏差は1.3%であった。

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The study was done to evaluate the renal tubular structure with correlation to enzymatic activities in each cellular organelle such as mitochondria, lysosomes, microsome, at time intervals of one and three hours. Kidney of Wistar King rat sacrificed by decapitation was rapidly removed and incubated with saline (pH 7.0) at 37.. for one or three hours respectively. Enzymatic analysis was detected by following the cell fraction method of Shibko & Tappel. Several enzymes were detected. Enzymatic activities were specifically distributed in cell organelles, In lysosomes, acid phosphatase is prominently positive, cytochrome oxydase is positively reacted in mitochondria, glucose-6-phosphatase in microsomes and alkaline phosphatase is chiefly reacted in brush border. Electron microscopic investigation was performed on each material. Renal cell damage was mainly confined in the proximal renal tubules. Renal fine structure of one hours autolysis was composed of irregular disarrangement, swelling of microvilli, mitochondrial swelling with obscured cristae, dilated endoplsmic reticulum, vesicles and irregularity of the basal infoldings. The cell damage was more severe in three hour elapsed, the brush border was sloughed out or disarrangement disorderly and the cell membrane was often disrupted and lost thire cellular organelles. As a result of the enzymatic analysis, cellular functions were actively speculated in correlation to each organ configuration with chemical activities. Using this method, minimum change was discernible in spite of demostrating no cellular damage electron microscopically at time intervals.

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The electrophysiological and histopathological changes in the cochleas caused by the administration of cis-DDP (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) were studied in guinea pigs. Hearing function was evaluated by ABR, and morphological studies were conducted by scanning electron microscope. The sensitivity of the cochlea to cis-DDP was dose-dependent. Hearing impairment was stronger in the group given 4 doses of 3mg/kg cis-DDP twice a week than in the group given 12 doses of 1mg/kg. The outer hair cells in the basal turn were mainly damaged and those changes gradually decreased in the upper turn. The inner hair cells were rarely damaged. Vestibular sensory epithelia of the guinea pig given a single dose of 12 mg/kg cis-DDP were investigated by scanning electron microscope, and there was almost no loss of sensory cells.

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Change in structure of filler reinforced acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber due to thermal degradation and dynamic fatigue was studied by dynamic viscoelastometry. The glass transition temperature increased with the progress in thermal degradation, but decreased in dynamic fatigue. Furthermore, both the peak value and the full width at half maximum of loss tangent at the glass transition temperature decreased with the progress in the former case, but increased in the latter. The results show effectiveness of dynamic viscoelastometry in degradation tests of filler reinforced rubbers.

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Otoconial membranes of normal albino guinea pigs were air-dried and examined by scanning electron micro-scopy. There were less scattered otoconia in air-dried specimines than in them managed with usual procedure. Three of 9 guinea pigs exhibited defects of the otoconial membranes which were bilateral, more or less symmetrical, and invariably more extensive in the saccule than in the utricle.

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It is well known that the artifacts are easily produced by those chemicals in the process of exposing otolithes by SEM. Instead the use of the usual method of fixation by glutaraldehyde and dehydration by alchohol, tried with freezed dry method with saccular otolithic membrane of guinea pigs, and obtained the results:
1. The surface of each otolith is smooth without fissure and the tridimensions on both sides are clear.
2. Otolithic layer punched out, so the underlying gelatine layer are exposed here and there.
3. Those otolithes remained after manipulation are linked in irregular hexagonal arrangement.

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筋腱移行部の微細構造を立体的に観察する為, 走査型電子顕微鏡 (scanning electron microscopy: SEM) を用い, 正常家兎の大腿直筋, 内, 外側広筋および腓腹筋の観察を行い, 透過型電子顕微鏡, 光学顕微鏡による筋腱移行部の研究の文献的考察を加え, 比較検討した。筋の収縮, 弛緩に対し, 筋腱移行部にどのような変化が起こるのかを観察する為, 筋を電気刺激により強縮状態とし, そのまま液体窒素で凍結, 固定し, EDTAによる脱カルシウムイオン作用により弛緩状態とし固定し, 両者を比較した.光学顕微鏡による観察は, それらの補助としたが, 以下次の結果を得た. (1) 筋と腱の結合は, 筋内膜, 筋周膜と腱組織の結合織性の結合と, 筋線維先端と腱組織の, 膠原線維を介した結合の2つによる。 (2) 筋組織と腱組織は, 明瞭に区別することができ, 互いの組織内に入り込むことはない. (3) 腱は, 筋腱移行部において板状の形をなしてゆき, その一側面 (境界面と呼ぶ) で筋と結合する.この際, 筋は, 筋線維, 筋原線維の先端をもって腱の境界面に斜めに結合していた. (4) 筋の結合織である, 筋内膜, 筋周膜は, 腱境界面の膠原線維へ移行してゆき, 筋と腱を結合していた. (5) 筋線維は, 腱境界面にその先端を向けて斜めに走行してゆき, その先端では筋原線維ごとに, 細い膠原線維により腱境界面と結合されていた.SEMでは筋原線維のZ膜, 筋節, T系 (T system) の観察が行われ, Z膜でT系により隣接する筋原線維が結びつけられ, 格子を形成していた.筋鞘の観察は充分になし得なかった. (6) 筋原線維先端は, Z膜で終っており, 細い膠原線維は最先端の筋節に結合し, 腱境界面と筋原線維をつないでいた. (7) 筋の矢状断面で, 腱線維と筋線維のなす角を, 筋の腱に対する入射角とすると, 腓腹筋において入射角は, 筋収縮時約35°と増大し, 弛緩時に約25°と減少した。尚筋節は, 筋収縮時約1.4μm, 弛緩時約2.0μmの長さであり, 形も丸みをおびた感じから, 細長い感じとなっていた。 (8) 筋と腱の結合状態は, 筋の矢状面, 前額面で明らかとなり, 横断面でははっきりと確認できなかった.

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The accuracy of the sea surface temperature measured by the MOS-1 MSR has been degraded by both the rotated polarization due to antenna scanning and antenna sidelobes. This paper describes data correction methods for them. First, a simple function has been introduced to correct the polarization error due to antenna scanning. Second, an inverse filtering has been used to suppress the error due to antenna sidelobes in both simulation and real data obtained by the MOS-1 MSR.
The MOS-1 MSR is a microwave sensor that rotates the main dish antenna with mechanically conical scanning. At the same time the observing polarization is also rotated by the mechanical scanning. Because sea surface brightness temperature depends on polarization, the rotation of the polarization causes measurement errors. The amount of the errors are estimated about 3 K at 23 GHz and 4 K at 31 GHz, respectively.
The sea surface brightness temperature varies as nearly cosine or sine curves according to the rotated polarization. Then we made simple equations for error correction. Using the equations, the error correction for both 23 GHz and 31 GHz has been done and the errors after correction became within ±0.1 K.
In order to evaluate the influence of antenna sidelobes on observed brightness temperature, we have calculated the brightness temperature on a simulation image. The results are as follows.
If the main beam of the antenna is directed to sea and the antenna sidelobes look at ground, the sea surface brightness temperature are observed higher than true data because of the influence of the higher temperature of the ground. On the other hand if the main beam and the sidelobes are directed to land and sea area respectively, the land brightness temperature is observed lower than true data. The amount of the errors due to the antenna sidelobes are about 10 K higher at sea and 20 K lower at land.
An inverse filtering method for the error correction has been applied to both simulation images and real data of the MOS-1 MSR. By this method we can correct more than 5 K and 10 K of the brightness temperature at sea surface and land, respectively.
Finally, we discussed the effect of pixel fractionization for smoothing.

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