Light resistance of polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 fabrics, grafted with acrylic acid and then treated with aqueous solutions of some metallic salts or tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxid (APO), was studied by evaluating the retention of warp tensile strength of the fabrics after exposure to xenon arc lamp or sunlight.
Larger loss in strength of original untreated PP fabric after exposure as a result of the extraction with benzen may be explained by the removal of included stabilizer by the extraction.
Grafting of acrylic acid onto PP fabric and further treatment with aqueous solution of metallic salts cause unfavorable effect on light resistance due to the presence of carbonyl groups in the grafted side chains.
The most effective method to improve the light resistance of acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics is the after-treatment with APO. The higher the percent grafting or/and concentration of APO treating solution the better resistance is attained.
On nylon 6 fabric, nearly similar results to the case of PP fabric are obtained by grafting and treating with metallic salts, but the effect of APO is not crear with acrylic acid grafted nylon 6 fabrics as the add-on of APO is not so high as the case of acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics.

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Polypropylene (PP), acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics and those treated with aqueous solutions of some metallic salts or tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (APO) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
DSC curves of all the samples show no oxidative exotherm in nitrogen atmosphere. On the other hand, acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics with percent grafting of more than 28% show a relatively large exotherm above 170°C in air, and this is shifted to lower temperatures compared with 250°C of original PP fabric, suggesting that PP fabric becomes susceptible to oxidative degradation by acrylic acid grafting. Large broad exotherms appear in air above 180°C in the DSC curves of acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics treated with metallic salts or APO even in sample with a lower percent grafting (19.5%), which is different from those of grafted and untreated fabrics. The DSC curve of acrylic acid grafted and copper salt treated PP fabric shows two peaks successively in the vicinity of these exotherms which may be considered as the indication of copper ion catalyzed oxidative degradation of PP. These exothermic peaks in the DSC curves of the acrylic acid grafted and after-treated PP fabrics are not clearly assigned.
Heat of fusion of PP component in the acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics is lowered by the grafting, and a linear relationship is obtained when the heats of fusion of the samples with different percent of grafting are plotted against percent grafting.

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Thermogravimetry (TG) was carried out on polypropylene (PP), acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics and those aftertreated with some metal salts or tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (APO) in order to estimate their thermooxidative stability.
Weight decrease of original untreated PP fabric is observed at about 350°C in nitrogen atmosphere while it is started at 220°C in air, which indicates that the degradation in the latter is oxidative. Initial degradation temperature (IDT) of PP fabric is decreased by extraction of included stabilizer with benzene or trichloroethylene.
It is shown from the TG curves of the acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics in air that IDT is lowered and the degradation is increased with increasing percent grafting. This behavior agrees with the results of strength loss of the grafted fabrics after heat exposure. Linear relationship is obtained when IDT values are plotted against percent grafting of the acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics, suggesting some possibility to estimate the thermooxidative stability of the acrylic acid grafted PP fabrics from their percent grafting using this relationship. The relationship mentioned above is not established for the acrylic acid grafted and aftertreated PP fabrics.

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The thermo-oxidative atability (i.e. the retension of warp tensile strength of fabric after heat exposure at 130°C for a long duration) of acrylic acid grafted nylon 6 fabrics, treated with some metallic salts or tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (APO), was studied.
The results obtained were different in some aspects from those of polypropylene fabrics reported previously. The thermo-oxidative stability of nylon 6 fabric was improved to some extent by the grafting of acrylic acid. The conversion of carboxylic groups in the grafted nylon 6 fabrics to a metallic salt-form was carried out with aqueous solutions of metallic salts. When calcium, chromium or nickel salts were used, the metallization was more or less effective on the stability of fabrics, but the effects were not so remarkable as in the case of the grafted polypropylene. The stability in copper salt-form was deteriorated somewhat by heat, but the extent of the damage was not so significant as in the case of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene. The fact that the grafting and the subsequent chromium salt formation improve the stability of nylon 6 fabrics but rather spoil the stability of polypropylene may suggests that some differences are present between the mechanisms of thermo-oxidative degradation of the two polymers, although a similar radical mechanisms have been assumed. The treatment with APO, which imparted a better stability to acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabrics, was also effective for ungrafted nylon 6 fabric but was not for the grafted nylon 6 fabrics, since the addon of APO attained was small.

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Effect of zinc fluoroborate (Zn(BF₄)₂ ) catalyst in the treatment of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabric with tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (APO) was studied.
Weight increase (resin add-on) by APO-treatment and moisture regain of the polypropylene fabrics grafted with acrylic acid and further treated with dimethylformamide solution containing 5% APO are nearly equal regardless of the presence of Zn(BF₄)₂, while the weight increase of original ungrafted polypropylene fabric treated with APO and Zn(BF₄)₂ is higher than that of the sample treated without Zn(BF₄)₂. These facts suggest that the grafted acrylic acid chains have some catalytic action in this treatment and use of Zn(BF₄)₂ is not always necessary in the case of the grafted fabrics.
As Zn(BF₄)₂ has some deteriorative effect upon thermooxidative stability (measured by retention of warp tensile strength of the fabric after heat exposure at 100°C) of original polypropylene and the grafted polypropylene fabrics treated with APO-Zn(BF₄)₂ or Zn(BF₄)₂ alone, the elimination of use of Zn(BF₄)₂ catalyst in the treatment of the grafted fabrics with APO results in better thermooxidative stability of the fabrics and also some practical advantages, such as storage stability of the treating APO solution, etc.
Further experiments were made on the thermooxidative stability of the grafted polypropylene fabrics treated with phosphorus-containing compound (butyl acid phosphate-metal acetate system) or nitrogen-containing resins (methylol melamine and ethyleneurea), and no improving effects were observed with these treatments.

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Grafting of acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) onto poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers was carried out by use of benzoyl peroxide. Practical properties related to clothing use of the grafted PET fibers were investigated.
The grafting of AA and MAA made PET fibers hydrophilic. Na-salt form of the grafted PET showed the highest hygroscopicity and water absorbency, compared to the PET's in acid form or in other multi-valent metal's salt form. During home-laundering, Na-salt form of the grafted PET turned mainly into Ca-salt form and the hygroscopicity and the water absorbency of the grafted PET decreased. The metal analysis of Na-salt form of the grafted PET revealed that the ratio of [COONa] against total [COON] was about 1/3.
As a result of the grafting, the diameter of the fiber increased and the density decreased. Modulus, tenacity at break and elastic recovery of the fiber decreased. On the contrary, elongation at break increased with increasing grafting per cent. It was considered that the changes of those mechanical properties were caused by the shrinkage which arose during the grafting. It was also observed that modulus of the grafted PET fiber became lower in the presence of water.
Comparing to acid form of the grafted PET, Na-salt form showed inferior mechanical poperties which were due to the degradation caused by alkali treatment of the grafted PET, which imparted anti-pilling property to the grafted PET fabrics.
The melting behavior of the grafted PET suggested that the grafting occurred even in the vicinity of PET crystal and broke it gradually. Polymer of AA and MAA acted as an infusible supporter and gave melt-proof property to the grafted PET.
As shown above, the grafting of AA and MAA onto PET was considered as a useful method for improving certain properties of PET.

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Properties of cotton fabrics grafted with acrylic acid in 6-16% were examined and compared with carboxymethylated cotton fabrics previously studied. In the case of the grafting by electron beam irradiation, the decrease in the tensile strength of the warp yarns of the grafted fabrics was slight. Moisture regain was somewhat increased by the acrylic acid grafting, although not so much as carboxymethylation. Dyeability for basic and cationic dyes was remarkably increased by acrylic acid grafting. The light fastness of some basic dyes and a cationic dye, Sumiacryl Red F-GTL on the grafted cotton was good, but that of a cationic dye, Estrol Brilliant Blue N-3RL was poor. Discoloration in laundering was severe in any case. Dyeability for direct and reactive dyes were lower than the untreated cotton fabric. These dyeing characteristics of the acrylic acid grafted cotton fabrics were similar to the carboxymethylated cotton. But in the case of artificial soiling using carbon black dispersion, soiling was higher and soil removal was lower than the untreated cotton fabric, dissimilar to the carboxymethylated cotton.

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Our studies on the resistance mechanisms and chemical modifications of aminoglycoside antibiotics led to the synthesis of arbekacin (ABK), which was refractory to most aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in resistant bacteria. In 1990, ABK was launched into Japan as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). By 1992 only a few MRSA strains moderately resistant to ABK (6.25-12.5μg/ml) were clinically isolated. ABK was modified by reaction with excess of an enzyme preparation extracted from an ABK-resistant strain and three inactivated products, mainly ABK 2"-phosphate along with small amounts of 6'-N-acetyl-ABK and the doubly modified ABK were obtained. Based on these results, replacement of the 2"-OH by NH_2 in dibekacin (DKB) or in ABK was designed to obtain potent active derivatives against MRSA. Conversion of the 2"-OH by DMSO-DCC oxidation followed by reductive amination with NH_4OAc-NaBH_3CN gave 2"-amino-2"-deoxy-DKB (D1) and -ABK (A1). Their 5-deoxy, 5-epifluoro and 5-epiamino derivatives were also synthesized. All 2"-amino-ABK derivatives showed excellent activities against MRSA and Gram-negative bacteria, as expected. Among them, A1 having low toxicity was selected as a candidate for anti-MRSA agent.

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　本論では，鎌倉時代に制作された絵巻のなかでも最高峰と称される『春日権現験記絵』の画面構成について考察する．絵巻に描かれた建物の表現は類似的であるという指摘がある．けれども，その類似性は，日本の伝統的な絵画空間の意匠であるともいえる．まず，建物の画面構成と鑑賞者の視線との関係について述べ，次に，同一の建物の類似的な構図ごとにグループ化した．その際，次のような条件を用いた． Ⅰ. 描かれた建物が同じ，Ⅱ. 奥行き表現の方向が同じ， Ⅲ. 建物を捉える視線の方向が同じ，である． 　8つのグループに分類したのち，グループごとに描かれた建物の同一の部分の奥行き方向の斜線角度を計測した．類似的な構図に見える理由の一つとして，建物の奥行き表現の角度にあまり変化が見られないことが考えられる. 本研究では，描かれた建築物の画面上の配置に違いが認められることを示唆した．

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Light fastness of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers to which vinyl monomers were grafted by a chemical method was estimated by discoloration due to UV-irradiation. The estimation of discoloration was carried out for undyed or dyed samples.
When monochlorobenzene (MCB) was used as a co-reagent for the grafting, the light fastness of the grafted PET decreased. After extraction of homopolymer or dyeing, however, the amount of MCB remained in the grafted PET became so small as to give a negligible influence of MCB on the light fastness.
It was found that the light fastness of the dyed grafted PET does not depend on the grafting itself and specific light absorbance of the grafted vinyl polymer, but on moisture regain caused by the grafting. Namely, the light fastness of the dyed grafted PET decreased with increasing moisture regain.
The hygroscopic functional groups in the grafted polymer gave a peculiar effect on the decrease of light fastness. The carboxyl group and its metal salt had a tendency to decrease the light fastness more than the amide group. The carboxylic acid salts of transition metals brought particularly low light fastness.

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In order to improve dyeing property with cationic dyes and fastness to washing, acid and hydrophobic groups were introduced into a viscose rayon fabric.
Acid groups were introduced by oxidizing the fabric with sodium metaperiodate and further treating with sodium bisulfite. Hydrophobic groups were introduced by treating with various isocyanate.
The relations between chemical structure of alkyl groups introduced into the fabric and washing fastness of dyed products were studied.
Results were as follows:
(1) The fabric being introduced the acid groups indicates good dyeing property for cationic dyes, but it shows poor fastness to washing.
(2) By introducing acid and hydrophobic groups simultaneously the fabric is dyed with cationic dyes in high yield and the fastness to washing is much improved.
(3) The fastness to washing is increased with carbon numbers of linear alkyl groups of the isocyanates.
(4) Methyl and ethyl groups are not effective to improve the fastness to washing but propyl and buthyl groups are effective.

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The treatments of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabrics with metallic salts were examined in relation to the textile properties such as hygroscopic property and thermooxidative stability.
Carboxylic groups of the acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabrics were converted to sodium salts with sodium carbonate or sodium acetate. Then, a portion of each treated fabrics was further treated with calcium acetate so that sodium carboxylates in the fabrics were altered to calcium salts.
It was found from the infrared absorption spectra and moisture regain of these four kinds of fabrics that the degree of conversion to the corresponding salt-forms and moisture regain are more increased by using sodium carbonate in the first step of the treatment than by using sodium acetate.
The thermooxidative stability of calcium and zinc salts of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabrics, which have already been reported to have better stability than the grafted fabrics untreated or treated with other inorganic metals, is also improved when sodium carbonate was used in the first step compared to the use of sodium acetate. These results are explained if the conversion of the carboxyl group in the fabrics to other salt-forms is considered.
When sodium carbonate was used in the first step, further attempts were made to increase the conversion with increasing concentration of the metallic salt in the treating solutions as well as longer period of reaction time. As the result, it is suggested that the thermooxidative stabilities of the grafted fabrics in the forms of calcium or zinc salts are very sensitive to small changes of conversion even in a high degree of conversion, but the moisture regains of those, including sodium salt-form, are rather insensitive to them at a higher level.
It may be concluded from this study that in the chemical modification of fibers by the graft copolymerization with acid group containing monomers such as acrylic acid and aftertreatment with metallic salts, the degree of conversion of carboxylic groups in the grafted fibers to suitable metallic salt-forms are very important.

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Crease recovery of cotton fabric grafted with acrylic acid and further treated with tris (_??_-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (APO) was studied with a view of preventing the decrease of tensile strength accompanied with crosslinking.
Although the chemical structure of reaction products of APO with acrylic acid grafted cotton is more complicated owing to the presence of the carboxyl groups in the grafted polyacrylic acid than that of the reaction products of APO with ungrafted cotton, APO seems to react not only with hydroxyl groups in the cotton cellulose, as observed for the ungrafted cotton, but also with carboxyl groups in the grafted cotton fabric.
Crease recoveries of ungrafted and grafted cotton fabrics in both conditioned and wet states are much improved by treating with APO solution containing 2.5% zinc fluoroborate catalyst. Considerable crease-proofing effect is also observed when the grafted cotton fabrics are treated with APO solution without zinc fluoroborate catalyst, and the decrease in the warp tensile strength is prevented by this treatment. This method is particularly favorable to obtain a good crease recovery-strength relationship.

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絹糸にスチレン-メタクリル酸グリシジル (3/1, 1/1, 1/3), メタクリル酸メチル-メタクリル酸グリシジル (1/1) 共グラフトおよびメタクリル酸グリシジルグラフト重合加工を行なった後, スルホン化処理によりグラフトポリマー中にスルホン酸ソーダ基と水酸基を導入し, 摩擦により発生する帯電電荷の半減期を測定して得た結果を要約すると次のとおりである。
1. スチレンに対するGMAの割合が多くなると半減期は小さくなる。スチレンとGMA比1/1以下の場合グラフトポリマーの電導性は絹糸より高くなり, 1/3, 0/1の場合には低グラフト率の場合を除き帯電電荷の検出は困難であった。
2. グラフトポリマー中のスルホン酸ソーダ基はカチオン交換が可能であり, 種々のカチオンでの交換により半減期は変わる。これは吸湿能の変化によるためと推察した。
3. GMAのエポキシ基はグラフト重合加工中に加水分解および橋かけ反応を起こすが, グラフト重合加工後グラフトポリマーに残存する大部分のエポキシ基はスルホン化し得ることが推定された。
4. GMAグラフト重合絹糸をスルホン化することにより, 絹糸のグラフト重合加工による帯電性増大を抑制することができた。

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オゾン酸化したポリプロピレン (PP) およびそれにメタクリル酸メチル (MMA) をグラフトした共重合体の融解結晶化,および再融解挙動を DSC により測定し,つぎのことが判明した。
オゾン酸化 PP の融解ピーク温度,結晶化ピーク温度はいずれもオゾン酸化時間とともに低温側にシフトする。オゾン酸化 PP の再融解ピークはオゾン酸化の進行につれて2本に分裂し,高温側のピーク温度の低下はわずかであるが,低温側のピーク温度のそれは大きい.高温側のピークは試料内部にあってオゾン酸化されなかったPP分子の結晶の融解に対応し,低温側のピークは試料表面にあってオゾン酸化を受けた PP 分子で構造が比較的ルーズな結晶の融解に対応する。グラフト PP の融解挙動はグラフト化の進行とともに融解ピーク温度が若干低下し,その範囲も広くなっている。一方,溶融状態からの結晶化ピークは2本に分裂し,高温側のピーク温度は不変であるが,低温側のピーク温度はグラフト率 (DG) とともに低温側にシフトする。以上の結果はX線回折法によって求めた結晶化度の結果と一致する。
さらに,グラフト共重合体の等温結晶化挙動を DSC を用いて測定し,その Avrami 係数から未反応の PP がまず結晶化し,その後 MMA 側鎖をもつ真のグラフト PP 幹ポリマーもしくは MMA 側鎖によって幾分阻害された PP が結晶化することがわかった。

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