本稿は地理学史におけるクリティカル・ヒストリーの潮流に鑑み,明治政府の地誌編纂事業を新出史料に基づいて再構成し,近代日本の国民国家形成との関係性を考察した.一国地誌の編纂は当初民部省・文部省・陸軍省で個別に構想され,文部省は『日本地誌略』を,陸軍省は『兵要日本地理小誌』などを刊行した.陸軍省から正院に移った塚本明毅は『日本地誌提要』を編纂し,さらに「皇国地誌」の編纂を推進した.それを「大日本国誌」に発展させた内務官僚桜井勉の異動は,その中止や地誌編纂事業の帝国大学移管と規模縮小につながり,井上毅文相の裁定と死は当該事業の命運を断った.正院-内務省系統のキーパースンは,地誌編纂の表象的な国土統合機能を主権強化の要件としたが,国民統合の構想には欠けていた.しかし,対外的な国威発揚の用具ともなった『日本地誌提要』は,その記載内容が実質的に国民統合に向けて動員された.かかる「意図せざる結果」は,国土統合や主権強化の諸過程とあいまって,国民国家形成に寄与し得るものであった.

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The lelics of Lake Imba drainage works the Edo era is found in the north-western part of the Chiba prefecture. The area in which the Lake lies is a part of the Kwanto Plain. The Lake being connected with the river Tone till 1922, all rain-water at the north-western Kwanto Plain flowed into the Lake. Consequently the Tone Basin had to suffer from frequent floods. Especially since its water-way to the Tokyo Bay was converted to Tyoshi, damage was rather seriously. So they took consideration to flow it away into the Tokyo Bay again, which was carried out as much as three times. The first and the second works were done to prevent damage by flood and to develop the new land. At the third works they planned to divide the water way (increase of the river mouth). This wes operated to get rid of the damage by flood, from which Edo had suffered as much as four times, and to give the water-way to the foodsupply route from the Ou District (Foodsupplying base of Edo). In those days the Feudal System of the Tokugawa Shogunate by centralization of power was being destroyed itself, so the drainage works was one of the most important policies for the Tokugawa Military Government.
In short these three works ended in failure, because of political troubles and want of fund. But the process of the works were proceeded more than a half of the whole plan. Now (after 1948) to prevent damage by in water in the Lake, the works are under operation prevailing relics of the drainage works of Edo era.

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THIS STUDY TRIES TO CLARIFY THE PLANNING CONCEPTS OF TYPICAL SEASIDE RESORTS IN THE MEIJI ERA ;'TORYUKAN' HOTEL BY JUN MATSUMOTO IN OISO AND 'KAIKIKAN' HOTEL BY NOBORU HAMANO IN INAGE. FOR THIS PURPOSE, BASED ON HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, PICTURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS, INTERVIEW SURVEY, ETC., CHRONOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON THE INTRODUCTION OF SEA-BATHING INTO JAPAN, THE LOCATION OF THOSE HOTELS, AND THEIR CHANGE OF LAND USE WERE ANALYZED. THE COMPARATIVE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AND THE MAIN FINDINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS; DR. MATSUMOTO AIMED AT MEDICAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THE WAVES DASHING AGAINST THE BODY, AND SO HIS HOTEL WAS LOCATED CLOSE BY THE SEASIDE TO APPROACH THERE EASILY. ON THE OTHER HAND, DR. HAMANO AIMED AT MEDICAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY BREATHING OZONIC AIR, AND SO HIS HOTEL WAS LOCATED IN THE PINE WOODS.

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Inô-zu were the first accurate scientific survey maps of the entire coastline of Japanese archipelago officially presented to the shogun in 1821.

It is generally said that the shogun shelved them in his library, and it was until the closing days of the Edo period nearly a half century later, that Inô-zu began to be utilized and appreciated. The donation of the small scale series of Inô-zu to the British fleet in 1861, and the official publication of them in 1867 were the scarce case known as its utilization under the Tokugawa Shogunate.

However there were some cases other than the examples above showing the vestiges of the utilization of Inô-zu, such as the case of Sado Kuniezu （Provincial map of Sado） in the years of 1835-1836, the investigation of the coast of Edo bay for its security by officers of foreign affairs of the shogunal government in 1849, the coastal survey of Ise Bay in 1861 by the officers of the Navy, and some printed maps published in the same period. These examples show that the utilization of Inô-zu was not such strictly restricted as it has been long thought of. It seems that the each case properly take advantage of the feature of Inô-zu of accurately surveyed coastal maps.

After Meiji Restoration Inô-zu served as bases and important data sources to meet the urgent needs of accurate scientific maps and charts and of the source of compilation of historiography and topography of Japan.

According to several historical documents at that time, we know the Map of Japan（1:432,000 compiled by the Dajokan-Seiin（Grand Council of Japan）presented to the International Exhibition held at Vienna in 1873 was the first and the most prominent accomplishment of the modern style map based on Inô-zu. Unfortunately we can no longer trace its appearance because the map seems to have been lost now.

Subsequently the utilization of the Inô-zu as the basic information has followed soon at official agencies such as the Bureau of Historiography, the Geographical Bureau, Ministry of Education, then prevailed widely in private enterprises. Inô-zu was also used as the base map for investigations of geology, soil, mines and so on.

We can draw the conclusion from this review mentioned above that the appreciation of the basic property of Inô-zu : accurate coastal survey with graticule has been common understanding of those who utilized Inô-zu to develop their maps.

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The author discusses four essential and representative chorographical works in Japan, from the remote ancient to the beginning of the modern geography of Japan, i.e., before the foundation of our Association after World War I, from the viewpoints of their editors' consciousness according to the status of compilation.
I. Fudoki Japanese geography originates from Fudoki written in the eighth century. These oldest books edited by the governmental orders are regional description of each province of that age and only five of them have been brought down to the present. Kojiki and Taiho-ritsuryo, the oldest history and code of Japan respectively, were compiled at the same period when Japan was emerging from a diversified to a unified entity, meaning the transformation from the ancient tribal states to the systematized unity under the Imperial (Tenno) Household of the date.
Those Japanese geographies and histories were written or compiled by the political or administrative purposes, to raise or to be awakened national consciousness.
II, ashi More than a dozen books of travel or travel sketches of certain parts of the country have existed from the tenth century to the sixteenth. However, there were not any books that could be called regional geography in the present sense. While under the Tokugawa Shogunate regime, numerous regional geography by province of the feudal lords were compiled and published. Not less than fifty territorial geography books were compiled until the end of the Shogunate régime.
The purpose of the compilation was the same as that of Fudoki, that is to say, those feudal lords aimed to show their territorial consciousness to the people and to boast their cultural level to the surrounding A territories.
III. Kkoku-Chishi Immediately after the Meiji Restoration, Meiki Tsukamoto (1833-1885) presented his view to the government to compile ‘Regional Geography of the Empire’ (Kokoku-Chishi) on the occasion of the establishment of the new Central Government, and the petition was accepted, issueing proclamations to urge the prefectures to search for books and maps relating the description of their districts.
It was soon followed by the Government proclamation (No. 97 of 1875) setting forth the details regarding the proposed geography of Japan. It showed the way in which book was to be written for example, 47 items for the description of villages and 37 items for that of districts. These directions being given, compilers were appointed from among the scholars in each prefecture, whereupon these officials submitted their prospectuses of compilation.
Items to be described were shown in detail Those for villages were as follows:
Date of village foundation, History of rulers or jurisdiction, Territorial area, Landforms, Nature of soils, Taxed land area (cultivated land area), Taxes and other public charges, Numbers of houses and inhabitants, Cattles, Vehicles, Mountains, Rivers, Roads, Ports, Temples and Shrines, Schools, Hospitals, Post offices, Silk reeling mills, Factories, Agricultural production, Occupation of both sexes.
These very descriptive and detailed data were requested to investigated, and describe for villages and districts of the prefectures, numbering nearly one hundred thousand in all.
Works of compilation were coming in from each prefecture, but very slowly and many of them were not completed until as late as 1883. After a fractional number of villages and districts completed their description by the prefectural officials, the Bureau of Geography, Ministry of Home Affairs, decided to discharge of their compiling tasks of prefecture in 1885.
The Bureau set its own staff to work with the materials collected and manuscripted by the local scholars. Firstly, the Geography of Awa Province (now, the southern part of Chiba Prefecture) was edited in 3 volumes (554 pages) by the Bureau staff in 1886.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the situation and the process of acceptance of sea bathing during the Meiji era. In Japan, only a few people living in Ono (Aichi Prefecture) had customarily bathed in the sea (shiotoji) since the 13th century. Most of the Japanese, however, never bathed in the sea till the Meiji era.
The idea of sea bathing, based on a German medical book, was introduced into Japan in 1881. The first bathing beach in Ono was opened in the following year, and the second one in Oiso (Kanagawa Prefecture) in 1885. Sea bathing in the Meiji era was intended to cure certain diseases, such as tuberculosis, internal diseases and women's diseases. At the time, it was thought that strong waves on a rock beach were needed in order to give intense stimuli for the skin. Nevertheless, the practice of immersing oneself in strong waves did not become popular among the Japanese.
At that time, there were two types of sea bathing. One was the way to plunge into the sea directly (cold sea bathing), and the other was to bathe in heated sea water (hot sea bathing). Hot sea bathing was a way of making people accustomed to cold bathing little by little.
By the way, the Japanese have a time-honored custom of taking a hot-spring cure (called toji). People regarded hot sea bathing as the same behavior as the hot-springcure, and this accounts for the quick spread of sea bathing to many people. Eventually, sea bathing was accepted by Japanese as a variation of hot-spring cure, and it has spreaded over many of the coastal areas of the country (Fig. 7).

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The purpose of this paper is twofold: one, to correct a misunderstanding about the Keicho Nihonzu, one of the Nihonsozu, or general maps of Japan, housed in the National Diet Library, and two, to compare and contrast compilation methods and contents of such Nihonsozu, which were compiled by the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Edo Era.
Until now, it has been thought that the Nihonsozu were produced at four times, during the Keicho, Shoho, Genroku and Kyoho periods of the Edo Era, although the production of the Keicho map has been mere conjecture. It has been assumed to have been produced on the basis of a Kuniezu, or provincial map, compiled as a result of a 1605 government order. There is no record, however, to support this production. It is known that the existing Keicho Nihonzu was probably produced in the Kanei Period (1624-1643), however as a result of lack of knowledge of the compilation of Nihonsozu during the Kanei Period, it has been assumed to be an amended version of the original Keicho Nihonzu. The present work supplies evidence that the Nihonzu known as the Keicho Nihonzu and housed in the National Diet Library, is in fact the Kanei Nihonzu, and was produced by Masashige Inoue, a government officer, in the 16th year of Kanei (1639).
Comparison of the four Edo Nihonzu (Kanei Shoho, Genroku and Kyoho) reveals the following: 1) Since Nihonsozu were always compiled on the basis of Kuniezu, their accuracy depended upon how well the Kuniezu were compiled. 2) This method of extending the Kuniezu reached its practical limits during the Genroku Period. Thereafter, for the Kyoho Period, a new method, depending upon a rudimentary survey, was initiated. 3) The later maps are not necessarily more detailed, though they reflect the political state of affairs at the time of their production. 4) Drawing of the northern boundary islands, Ezochi (Hokkaido, Kuriles and Sakhalin) does not progress in detail over the four periods. Howewer the southern boundary Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa Prefecture) become more detailed and more accurate in the Genroku Nihonzu.

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現在，九州と台湾の間の島々を示す地域名称として「南西諸島」，「琉球諸島」，「薩南諸島」などが重層的に用いられている．本稿ではこの地域の地域名称の使用，浸透の経過を政治的な背景とともに明らかにした．「南西諸島」をはじめこの地域の島々の地域名称の多くは，明治期に海軍省水路部により付与されたが，「薩南諸島」は民間で用いられ，広く使われるようになった．地域名称は教科書類によって一般に浸透し，名称の整理には教科書検定制度が役割を果たした．奄美諸島は，江戸期には，薩摩藩の直轄領でありながら対外的には琉球領として扱われたが，明治初期の日清間での琉球領有を巡る論争の際，日本政府は「琉球諸島」を沖縄諸島以南と整理し，奄美諸島を含めないこととした．一方，第二次世界大戦後，米国は軍事上の必要性から奄美諸島以南を日本本土と切り離す意図を持ってこの地域をRyukyu Islandsとした．「琉球諸島」の名称の使用には特に政治的な意図が多く働いた．

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