The problem at the heart of photographic expression through 1970s was essentiality of photography. “Mirrors and Windows” directed by John Szarkowski at MOMA in 1978 had a historical aspect on this problem. Two conceptions of photography – a mirror reflecting a portrait of the artist who made it and a window through which one might better know the world – show the principle of photography. There have been attempts of approach to contemporary photographic expression, one of which is “NEW PHOTOGRAPHICS” directed by William Jenkins at IMP/GHT in 1974.

 The photography of NEW TOPOGRAPHICS has something in common with neutral and objective attitude to the world. It must not be understood as a new trend of expression but as a tradition of American Landscape from the painters of Hudson River-school. Modern American landscape photography typified by Ansel Adams was deprived of entity in photographic description. But NEW TOPOGRAPHICS acquired new entity to return to classical landscape photography typified by Frontier Photographers like Timothy O’Sullivan.

 William Jenkins says, in the introduction of catalogue, that if “New Topographics” has a central purpose it is simply to postulate, at least for the time being, what it means to make a documentary photograph. NEW TOPOGRAPHICS presented an aspect of Landscape as Document.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the transition of the standardization of the ball used in basketball. The following conclusions can be drawn.1. Originally, the official ball was to be an ordinary Association football. This was the rule for the first few years of the game until a special ball for basketball was specified by the official rules in 1894-95. The special ball was made by the Overman Wheel Company and A. G. Spalding & Bros. Company. The price was 4 dollars.2. In 1895-96, an addition required the ball to be tightly inflated so that it could not be held by the lacing and the official rules stipulated that the ball made by the Overman Wheel Company was official. The ball was more strictly defined in 1896-97, when an addition limited its variableness. The Spalding ball became the only official ball this year. The price of this official ball was 6 dollars.3. The rules changed the ball's weight in 1909, when the manufacturers complained that they could not make a ball of the required weight that would have the required lasting qualities. In 1926-27 an air pressure measurement was first used. In the 1930s the rules committee passed several rules regarding the standardization of the ball.4. In the depression year 1930, conditions in high schools and small colleges were critical. The cost of a top grade basketball had increased in a short time from 7.50to 22.00. H. V. Porter, a member of the National Basketball Committee, was given the responsibility of negotiating with leading manufacturers and working out the details for a cheaper ball. As a result, a molded new type ball was devised in 1934-35. The new type ball and improved construction of the sewn leather ball made it possible to specify a uniform bouncing reaction.5. Today, any official ball is virtually identical to any other. This is because continuous developments in ball manufacturing have narrowed tolerance levels in all respects. The ball has always changed in the interests of greater standardization. The advances in manufacturing techniques have furthered the standardization process.

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