奈良盆地南部の盆地縁辺部には低位段丘面とその堆積物が分布している。その堆積原面を侵食地形から復元する。この契機になったのは火成岩からなる大和三山に見られる緩斜面や地質境界であった。下図には稜線沿いに取った三山の垂直断面図を示しているが，破線で示しているように，三山共通のレベルを海抜120m弱に見出すことができる。このレベル付近には，畝傍山では貫入岩と花崗岩の境界が，天香具山でははんれい岩と花崗岩の境界が，耳成山では流紋岩内斜面の緩斜面によって認めることができる。風化による花崗岩の侵食がこのレベルで減速したと読み替えるのである。つまり，このレベル以下が地表下にあったと考える。現在のローカルな侵食基準面は，三山が緩斜面上に位置するため，海抜60～80mと幅がある。現在より40mほど高い安定した侵食基準面を想定することになる。なお，花崗岩の真砂化は水分移動が活発な地表面付近で卓越している。花崗岩中の鉱物を構成するKやNaの溶脱も専ら地下水の飽和帯上面までである。地下水面は当然，ローカルな侵食基準面と連動しており，谷頭侵食が進行する過程でローカルな侵食基準面は進行拡大してゆく。　活断層が見られない三山の側や金剛山地東山麓で，過去の侵食基準面の残骸を探すと，最終氷期に対応する低位段丘にあたる。現在残る低位段丘面はかなり低下しているが，海抜120ｍ付近に低位段丘面とこれより多少低い位置に段丘礫層のそれぞれ断片を認めることができる。このような低位段丘と礫層の分布傾向は一般に認められ，少なくとも奈良盆地南部の現盆地底縁辺部の低位段丘面の高度としてほぼ120mを想定することができる。低位段丘礫層は堆積の最盛期からするとかなりの部分が亡失した。この契機になったのは，後氷期の海水準上昇であって，海進過程で内陸部の侵食基準面は急激な低下の結果と考えられる。発掘資料によれば，奈良盆地の沖積層は極めて薄く，現在の盆地面は低位段丘層の侵食地形と考えられるのである。

抄録全体を表示

紀伊半島中部の中央構造線に沿う紀ノ川中流域は,内帯・外帯両地域の地殻運動や中央構造線の活動を反映した地形発達をとげている.その中で,五条層堆積期は次のような重要な意味をもっている. 1. 更新世初期以来,紀ノ川河谷地域は東西に長い湖沼に近い状態にあり,菖蒲谷層が厚く堆積した.次いで,東より西流する古紀ノ川が生じ,五条層(新称)を広汎に厚く堆積し五条面を形成した.続いて,現紀ノ川沿いに流路を定め,浸食基準面の低下に伴って段丘面群を形成し,現在に至っている.この一連の地形発達過程の中で五条層堆積期は湖沼の時代から段丘の時代への移行期に相当する. 2. 中央構造線の活動や地殻運動の性格も五条層堆積期を境にして変化している.つまり,菖蒲谷層を厚く堆積させた狭義の中央構造線沿いの断層活動が不活発になり,その北側に並走し右横ずれ成分の卓越する断層系の活動が活発になり,和泉-金剛山脈を分離隆起させるような傾向が生じている.それに伴い,外帯山地も含めて周辺地域の隆起傾向が著しくなった.

抄録全体を表示

The Nara basin, located in the central part of the Kinki triangle in central Japan, mainly consists of Plio-Pleistocene sediments (Osaka group), Pleistocene terrace deposits, and Holocene alluvial deposits.
The upper most part of the Osaka group extending in this area consist of fluvial deposits, and is correlated with the Ma3, which is includes the Azuki tephra.
The terrace surfaces have developed along the eastern foot of the Kongo-katsuragi Range, in the southwestern part of the basin. Based on the distribution of surface heights and stratigraphies, these terraces are classified into the H, Ml, M2, M3, Li, and L2 surfaces in descending order.
The Kongo fault system striking in the north-south direction extends along the eastern foot of the Kongo-katsuragi Range. This fault system consists of the Yamaguchi, Kongo, Nakato, and Yamada faults. These faults have displaced fluvial terrace surfaces, and the slip rates of the vertical component are about 0.03-0.3 m/ky.
The Median Tectonic Line striking in the west-east direction and extending southward of the Nara basin, separates the Izumi Range and the Kinokawa lowland. The Shobudani fault, one of the fault systems of the Median Tectonic Line, had a tendency of reverse faulting activity in the former half of the Quaternary. On the contrary, right lateral faulting activity of the Gojodani fault started from the middle Pleistocene, and this tectonic movement has continued to the present along the Median Tectonic Line.
Based on the stratigraphy of the Osaka group and fault activity around the study area, the fact that the Nara basin was divided from the Kinokawa lowland by reverse faulting of the Shoubudani fault at least the early Pleistocene, was, clarified. This faulting also formed the, present drainage pattern and the watershed located in the southwestern part of the Nara basin.
Fault activity of the Kongo fault system started after the middle Pleistocene. The central part of the fault system shows the highest slip rate. On the contrary, the slip rate at the tips of fault system show a small value compared with the slip rate in the central part of the fault system. Both the height distribution of the terraces and that of the Kongo-katsuragi range, extending to the southwestern part of the Nara basin, have same trend in comparison with the distribution of slip rate along the Kongo fault system.
In conclusion, tectonic movement with faulting of the Kongo fault system has affected the formation of landforms in the southwestern margin of the Nara basin.

抄録全体を表示

17世紀のはじめ,大坂市場に登場した吉野材は他と差別化された内実をもち,とりわけ小径木の洗丸太が著名な産物であった。18世紀になると,上方の酒を入れる樽丸生産が盛んになり,以後,杉檜丸太と樽丸に特化されていった。吉野材は主として吉野川・紀ノ川を利用して和歌山へ流送され,和坂の材木問屋を通して販売された。それを安全かつ円滑に進めるために,吉野川が開削され,材木の輸送方法や流通・販売機構が整備された。材木の伐出し・販売=材木業に携わったのが材木商人で,その組織が材木方(同業組合)であった。材木の伐出しから販売までの過程の成否が材木商人の命運を決した。材木商人は,奥郷(山元)の商人と口郷(中流域)の商人に大別される。奥郷の商人は,百姓身分の商人で,重立商人・中位商人・小前商人の3階層から成っていた。このうち中位商人が中核的な役割を演じた。しかし,奥郷材木商人の経営は不安定で,一部を除き資本蓄積をなし得なかった。

抄録全体を表示

大和芍薬の高品質性を補完する伝統的加工技術に着目した。まず，近世以降の歴史考証から奈良県に残る自然乾燥の伝統手法を再見した。次に1938～2019年間の奈良県薬用作物生産記録を収集解析し，シャクヤク栽培実績の変遷から地域生産と篤農技術の衰退を検証した。種苗供給から栽培・加工調製技術の指導に資する薬種商の伝統知を可視化する目的で，棚干場に3年間，気象観測装置を設置し実測した。主な国内栽培地の自然環境をメッシュ農業気象データシステムの気候要素予測値で比較した場合，冬期，奈良県の気候は他県より高温低湿な環境で地勢に恵まれた自然乾燥適地であった。風向風速の実測値による風配図から，日中は西風が多く，断続的で緩やかな多様に変化する奈良の風況を示した。地域環境特性を利用した燃料不用の自然乾燥に対し，他県は機械乾燥が多い。高品質を可能にする気候因子の数値化で，伝統技術の合理性を明確にした。

抄録全体を表示

The author, having investigated geographically the formation of land surface feature and the development of land utilization concerning plain, of the lower Kinokawa, Wakayama District, has made here a summary of various findings. By using aerial photograph, the area was surveyed though so far little investigation has been done into these matters mentioned-above and more data are needed on these points.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) The plain situated on the lower Kinokawa is classified into eight landform types. The floodplain lies in the upper region than the area that links Minami-narukami where is on the left bank of the Kinokawa river with Umehara on the right bank. The author has been further grouped the area into two large classes: The upper and lower surfaces. The lower surface is observed at the foot districts along a mountain, as compared with piecemeal distribution of the upper one except the lower region as a whole.
The lower surface of delta is looked at the back area of beach ridge nearest to the coast and the district where is the junction area the river Waka and Wada, in contrast to the upper surface of delta on the both banks of Kinokawa river mouth is widely distributed round the sand mound where Wakayama Castle is built, and then the beach ridge or the sand dune branches off three main courses along the shore line. This indicates their growing process of the shore line.
2) It may be permitted to arrange the channel race as seen on the plain in three classes; a) point bars are observed upon the district where floodplain shifts towards the delta, and b) the floodplain score routes are studded with the floodplain for the most part. c) abandoned courses distribute a bit continuously extending over the floodplain to the delta.
3) Though one-time Kinokawa river wears away foot edge of the northern fan land, however, after that that gradually turns off the course to the south. Considered the tendency of the course changes in the historical period, the river is turning the course to the south on the upper area and to the north on the lower one revolving around the Nakasu- village.
From prehistory to ancient times, the river Kinokawa goes through nearly the present Waka-gawa river course. But about A.D. 1, 000, the main course emptied into the sea from the Kitajima- Village to the ôura via the Nezumi-jima. The author supposes the present Kino-kawa river course was formed in the years of 1, 600 or there about.
4) On the land development work it was not considerably active in the middle age, however, in the ancient times the land utilization was carried out widely extending over the floodplain forward the delta. In the recent times there are two development works: a) the land-utilization of tidal marshy land and sand dune area, and b) re-development of ex-cultivated land buried by the river activity.
Viewed the aerial photograph and archives, the developmental process on this plain is not so easy as we imagined. According to the archives, devastated field of the cultivated land comes to 3-4 times in the Matsushima and its neighbourhood, in comparison with the landscapes of development works in the ancient times are left in the district along the terrace cliff of the right bank and in the Iwahashi hill lands west of left bank.

抄録全体を表示

In Japan, the formal possesion of forest-lands were admitted in the early term of Meiji era. These were formed through the policy of land taxation reform. Thus, national, private and common forest-lands, which were distributed with regional differences, were admitted.
In Nara Prefecuture, most of forest-lands were admitted as the possesion of private and common people villagers. This was due to the development of forestry in Yoshino mountaneous region in the latter term of previous era, Edo era, in which most of forest-lands had been privately utilized for siviculture and shifting cultivation by farmers.
The object of this paper is to clarify the process and factors of the formation of private and common forest-lands in this advanced region in forest-land use.
So, small territory belong to Shinohara village which was located in Yoshino mountaneous region, shown in dots in Fig.1, was chosen for this study.
The results obtained are as follows;
1. The origin of this village was settled by the group of Kijiya who had special technique to make wooden bowl and ladle and was wandering to seek its material. So, the forest-lands in this territory were important for themselves.
2. In the early term of Edo era, forest-lands were mainly utilized for the shifting cultivation, which was located outside the settlement shown in Fig.3. It is shown by the land register made in 1769, in which a little differences among the scale of possesion by landowners are admitted shown in Fig.2.
3. In the latter term of Edo era, inhabitant had increased and small landowners had been added, according to the land register made in 1843, shown in Fig.6. But, on the contrary, large landowners who had mainly concentrated the fields of shifting cultivation had appeared like No.1 shown in Fig.6. The fields owned by large landowners had been tenanted by small landowners to use shifting cultivation. Why had they concentrated the shifting cultivation which had managed extensively?
4. In next Meiji era, modern some land registers had been made newly. According to these land registers, it is understand that the most of the fields of shifting cultvation in Edo era had been changed into the artificial forest-lands based on the increase of timber market price. Thus, large landowners had concentrated these forest-lands from the latter term of Edo era.
5. So, through the land taxation reform carried by Meiji government, these forest-lands utilized for silviculture or shifting cultivation had been admitted as private or common holdings. At that time, the other unutilized forest-lands which located far away from these forest-lands had mainly divided into adequate possesion among larger landowners, as private or common holdings, from 1879 to 1885. This was as well perhaps due to the reason why many small landowners could not pay the taxation which was added newly by the increase of the possesion of forest-lands.
6. Thus, some larger and many smaller forest landowners had been resulted in this village in the early term of Meiji era.

抄録全体を表示