乳児用調製液状乳（液体ミルク）の組成は乳児用調製粉乳（

）と同等とされている．少量のの摂取歴のある乳児が，液体ミルク0.5mLを摂取してアレルギー症状を示したので報告する．

7か月の完全母乳栄養児．A社

10mLを摂取時は症状なく，B社，C社の液体ミルクを0.5mL摂取し嘔吐や顔面の発疹を認めた．血清特異的IgE（UA/mL）は，牛乳1.85，β-ラクトグロブリン（BLG）1.99，カゼイン＜0.10，α-ラクトアルブミン＜0.10で，BLGが原因抗原の牛乳アレルギーと診断した．皮膚プリックテストはA社陰性，B・C社液体ミルク陽性だった．どれも一般育児用ミルクであったが，A社は乳清たんぱく質を一部分解したミルクで，B・C社液体ミルクの乳たんぱく質は未分解だった．

牛乳アレルギーの一部は一般育児用ミルクであっても種類によってアレルギー反応が異なる可能性がある．特に液体ミルクなどの普段と異なる種類のミルクを，緊急時に初めて摂取しないように啓発する必要がある．

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The concentrations of 48 kinds of major and trace elements in dry milk were determined by microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, or colorimetry. The order of the element concentrations in dry milk was K > Ca, P > Na > Mg >> Zn > Rb > Fe > Sr > Cu, Ba, Ni, Mo, Mn, As > Se, Co, Cr. Other elements determined were much lower or under detection limit. Element concentrations in fractions of milk (skim milk, butter milk, acidic casein, whey, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and milk mineral) were also determined. The concentrations of each element in these powdered samples were dependent on the fractions. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in skim milk, butter milk, whey and WPC were similar to those in dry milk, but those in acidic casein fraction were very low and those in milk mineral fraction were extremely high. The concentrations of P in milk mineral fraction were about twice of dry milk, and Na was almost the same, and K was lower than those in dry milk. The present study indicates that the milk mineral fraction is a good source of Ca and Mg.

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Compressed baby milk powder (solid milk) has proven to be very convenient for consumers because it can be easily handled and because a measuring scoop is not needed while using it. Its typical manufacturing process consists of the following steps: (1) moulding of the milk powder by using low compression pressure, (2) humidification of the compressed milk powder on a stainless steel tray, and (3) drying of the humidified compressed milk powder by using a desiccant. This study was conducted to resolve the problem of the sticking of the compressed milk powder to the tray immediately after the humidification-drying process during the manufacture of solid milk. The use of baby milk powder containing α-lactose monohydrate improved the surface structure of solid milk, which reduced stickiness. Thus, the problem of stickiness was solved, while retaining the necessary hardness and rapid solubility of the final product. Studies investigating the mechanism for improving the surface structure of solid milk showed that the presence of α-lactose monohydrate in milk powder influenced the crystallization process starting from an amorphous state.

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　The purpose of this research is to clarify how mothers who have an infant and live in the urban area in China purchase baby formula and their awareness of the safety of formula.

　Research subject was 164 mothers who have an infant and live in Beijing, Chongqing, or Shijiazhuang. The method of research was individual semi-structured interview.

　The results of the research showed that there are only 20% of families who purchase formula from China. Many people "have a friend in abroad send it to them”, "purchase directly from a foreign website” and "purchase it themselves in a foreign country” to purchase formula made in other countries.

　The feeling of distrust for the safety of Chinese formula is strong and they mentioned the reasons "there is a possibility that there is something that is bad for the body”, "there are problems in production process and storage method” and "there is a possibility that it is fake”.

　When we asked if they want to purchase Japanese formula if they can, more than 70% people said they do not want to. The reasons were worries for radiation contamination, difficulties in purchasing so they cannot keep giving it to their child, anti-Japanese sentiment, and content of iodine.

　Parents with children did not trust the information released by Chinese government and companies. Although the reliability of the content is not clear, they avoid the product that is commented as dangerous.

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 中の総 L-カルニチンを定量するためには，短鎖結合型 L-カルニチンをアルカリ加水分解する必要があり，その条件としては短鎖結合型 L-カルニチンが加水分解され，且つ遊離 L-カルニチンに影響を及ぼさないことが求められる。そこで我々は，を対象に最適な前処理条件の検討を行った。その結果，最適なアルカリ加水分解条件として，0.2 N 水酸化カリウム溶液（反応溶液 pH 13），反応温度40℃，反応時間15分を選抜した。本測定条件による SRM1849a の総 L-カルニチン定量値は 13.4±0.04 mg/100 g（n＝3）であり，認証値（13.6±1.4 mg/100 g）と同等の値を示した。また，製品および原料を対象に妥当性評価を実施した結果，相対標準偏差，添加回収率，直線性ともに良好であった。以上の結果から，を対象にした総 L-カルニチンの定量において，本アルカリ加水分解条件は適当であることが示唆された。

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　The purpose of this study was to determine whether baby liquid formula is effective in reducing the burden of childcare for mothers and to clarify what challenges parents need to face in order to feel comfortable using it if it helps to reduce the burden of childcare. The study consisted of a paper survey of questions for mothers raising their infants (Study 1) and a baby liquid formula tasting survey for infants (Study 2).

　Study 1 used a question paper-based survey of mothers raising their infants and was clarified how they breastfeed and whether they feel that baby liquid formula products are effective in reducing the burden of childcare.

　In Study 2, mothers raising their infants were asked to sample baby liquid formula by their children to determine whether their infants were able to drink baby liquid formula and how they felt it would affect their ability to reduce the burden of childcare by giving them baby liquid formula. The results of this study showed that mothers who had given their children baby liquid formula felt that baby liquid formula helped to reduce the burden of childcare. Moreover, some people say they feel safer if they have it at home as an emergency stockpile, making it a highly valuable item in Japan, where natural disasters are frequent.

　However, the problems were found that the high price, the inability to give it directly to children, and the lack of options.

　In addition, a certain number of children cannot drink baby liquid formula, or cannot drink it unless it is warmed up, so families considering stockpiling it for disasters indicated the need to test whether their children can drink baby liquid formula or not.

　Furthermore, it was inferred that some parents may be hesitant to use artificial milk, including baby liquid formula, due to the belief in breast milk. The one-sided opinion that "babies should be breast-fed” must be corrected, and we need to change our society to one where we can use artificial milk safely.

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How much will disaster supplies be available, useful, and helpful to refugees just after a disastrous event? This paper examines distribution of storages for the disaster supplies in Kawasaki City, and the total amount of six necessities of refuge life (blankets, alpha rice, hard tacks, toilet paper, milk powder, and temporary toilets) with regards to regional population to clarify the basic question. Secondly, it estimates the amount of shortage of each material to satisfy the regional requirements around the designated municipal open spaces. Finally, it proposes optimal distribution of the storages so that it shortens the average of distance between the open spaces and the storages.

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  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the crystalline metastasis of lactose, which is a main component baby milk powder, and the hardness of baby milk powder compressed by humidification followed by drying. Because baby milk powder is manufactured using a spray dryer, lactose in compressed baby milk powder exists in an amorphous (solid dispersion) form. X-ray diffraction measurement showed that this amorphous lactose metastasized to β-form crystalline lactose, and thereafter metastasized to the α-form during the humidification-drying process. As a result of this crystalline metastasis, the hardness of the compressed baby milk powder increased, and then decreased. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed bridging structures between the particles increased and then decreased during the humidification-drying process. This showed that bridging structures between the particles produced by crystalline metastasis of lactose as a result of the humidification-drying process, which leads to an increase in the hardness of the compressed baby milk powder. These results show that the necessary degree of hardness of the porous compressed baby milk powder (necessary for packaging and transportation) resulted from the humidification-drying process.

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　子育てする母親とそれを支援する祖父母との間には，子育て方法に関する世代間相違があると指摘されている。本研究の目的は，祖母の子育て経験と孫育てに対する意識との関連を明らかにすることである。調査方法は無記名自記式質問紙調査であった。妊婦の母親651名に調査票を配布して，有効回答数は180名であった。分析は単純集計とχ^２検定を用いた。対象の平均年齢は57.1±5.5歳で，祖母の子育て経験と孫育てに対する意識との間に関連が認められたのは，おしゃぶりの使用，沐浴後の湯冷ましの使用，離乳食を大人が噛み砕いて子どもに与えること，果汁開始や断乳の時期，三歳児神話，または性別役割分業意識であった。赤ちゃんが泣きやまないときのの使用に対する意識と祖母の子育て経験との間には関連が認められなかったが，初孫か初孫以外かとの間には関連が認められ，孫の誕生が使用に対する意識を変化すると示唆される。

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Yak farming is not the only symbol of but also an important industry in the highlands of Sichuan Province, China. The situation surrounding yak farming has changed due to Chinese government policy and economic conditions. This study clarifies the structure of the yak milk supply chain. An interview survey was conducted with yak farmers and staff at a yak milk company and a questionnaire survey was conducted with members of the general public. This study revealed the following results: 1) The yak milk production method by the self-contained feed and self-sufficient life of the yak milk does not change. Income from yak milk accounts for about half of the farm income and is an important cash income. 2) The yak milk company has contributed to the development of the local economy by creating cash income opportunities for yak farmers. 3) A total of 20% of those surveyed have drunk yak milk. The challenges are to create opportunities to drink yak milk and to differentiate it from other dairy products.

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