17世紀，江戸時代の元禄期に，江戸町人のと駿府町人の松木屋郷蔵は，共同で幕府御用材の伐採と運材を請け負った。御用材の伐採場所は，静岡県中央部に位置する大井川上流部の森林であった。その伐採期間は元禄5年(1692年）から元禄13年(1700年）までの9年間で，幕府へ納入した材積は6万尺締（20,160m³）である。御用材は，駿河湾まで大井川を管流され，駿河湾から江戸湾まで船輸送された。大井川での管流は，木材の損傷が大きく，材引取りの合格率は低かった。また，労務者の賃金が低かったことから，収入を得るために細い立木までも伐採をしたとされている。このため，推定3,600haの森林が皆伐状態にされた。御用材の伐採場所は，3,000m級の高山に囲まれた急峻な森林地域で，静岡県内でも降水量の多い地域である。

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The area of the upper part of the River Oi is famous for its rich forests of Japanese cedors (cryptomeria), Japanese cypresses, white firs, hemlork-spruces, ete. It appears that these kinds of wood have since long been cut down by feudal lords at times.
The earliest record concerning the bringing down timber out of the area is that for the purpose of building the main toner of Sunpu (Shizuoka) Castle in the Keicho period (1590-1614) in the beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate Dynasty, and, after that, timber was continuously brought down.
It is clear that the piece of timber was brought down by the stream one by one out of the area more than seventy kilometres away from the river mouth.
It was then innevitable to ship the timber by sea to Yedo (Tokyo) where it was demanded; the timber ought to be loaded on a vessel near the mouth of the river.
However, the River Oi runs through the Akaishi mountains as high as 3000 metres, and the area is rich in rain.
These conditions create a remarkable delta at the mouth of the river, that makes the construction of a sea port most unsuitable.
The question is; How they overcame the difficulty? and From where they shipped the timber?
To answer these points, the present author looked in ancient documents and has found that in the 6th year of Genroku (1693), the famous businessman Kinokuniya-Bunzaemon built a sluice-gate, Kiya Suimon near Shimada, and that he used water-ways on the delta down till Wada Port eight kilometres north-east from the river mouth.
In later dotuments, it was found that the River Shibachi and the River Shinkawa had also been used as route to Wada Port and Fujimori Port.
Both Wada and Fujimori were the rivermouth ports safely protected from the sea by sand-dunes.
The author made field investigations in the area and found the following routes once used for the purpose:
Route A: the River Oi-Kiya sluise-a part of River Tochiyawa-the River Kiya-Wada Port. [since the Genroku period (1688-1704) till 1877]
Route B: the River Oi-Kiya Sluicc-the River shibachi-a small part of the River Tochiyama-the River Kiya-Wada Port.
Route C: the River Oi-the River Kamiizumi-Shinkawa-the River Tanaka-Fujimori port.
Route A and B are historically more interesting and their shipment was more important.
Toward the end of the 33rd year of Meiji (1900), these routes were substituted for by the railway and today what remains is their traces used as irrigation water-ways.

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　イノベーションという概念をシュムペーターまで戻って再考する．それは資本主義経済における利潤と経済成長を生み出す構造の再考でもある．イノベーションによって利潤を生み出すためには，新知識（科学技術的知識にかぎらない）と，その市場化が必要だ．

　20世紀初頭までの米国では，個人発明家が新知識を生み出し，その市場化を大企業が担う例が多かった．1930年代から1960年代にかけて，新知識獲得と市場化が，同一企業内で行われるようになる（リニア・モデルと中央研究所の時代）．1970年代以後は，大学が生み出した知識を，大学発ベンチャーが市場化する活動が活発になる．

　第２次大戦後の日本は，外国で確立した技術の導入から始めた．1960年ごろからは日本も中央研究所の時代となる．1990年前後のバブル経済の時期，企業が基礎研究を強化する．しかしすぐに経済が低迷し，企業は研究開発活動を弱める．これに応ずる形で日本でも，イノベーションへの大学の貢献が期待されるようになる．しかし日本のイノベーション政策は，あまりに研究指向かつ社会主義的で，経済活性化に貢献しているとは言えない．

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1. The purpose of This Ppaper 2. The Characteristics of "The Japanitis" 3. Merits and Demerits of Japanese Organization as Rural Community. 4. Today's Significance of "Family Precepts" 5. The Role and Contributions of Family Precepts 6. The Possibility of Compliance Management in Japanese Capitalism 7. Compliance Management and Ethical Inspection.

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大井川は東海道の荒れ川として知られ,上古以来平野地帯の人々は,洪水や流路の変遷に苦しみ,わずかに小規模な堤防などによつて,これに対抗しただけであつた.従つて付近の東海道やこれに沿う宿駅も変遷せざるをえなかつた.筆者は多くの紀行文や古文書によつて往古の東海道の変遷と宿駅の興亡とを探究した.徳川時代になると幕府はこれを政治上に利用して,架橋と舟運を禁止したので,東海道の旅行者はもちろん,上流山村の人々は舟運を奪われて困惑したが,一方には陸路の開発に力を用い,壮年山地に峠越しの交通路を開くことができた.明治以後大井川はようやく政治的に解放されて自然の川となり,同地域は舟運,鉄道,自動車などによつて交通が開け,電源開発とともに科学によつて征服された現状を見るに至つた.筆者はこれらの変化を自然環境から眺めることはもちろんであるが,徳川期以後においては,ブラーシュの持論,政治的・社会的環境が,いかに人々の生活に重圧を加えていたかを見たいと思うのである.

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From the time Tokugawa Ieyasu became shogun in 1603, he and his progeny ruled Japan until 1867. Among the shogun's vassals were about 260 daimyo (territorial lords). As a token of their submission to the shogunate, the daimyo were required to leave their wives and children permanently in Edo (now Tokyo) and to alternate their own residence between Edo and their domains. Their family were detained in Edo to prevent the daimyo from rebelling against the shogunate, which wielded great power over them: It could reduce the size of their domains; move them to another domain; or even execute them.
To perform their obligations under the sankin kotai system, the daimyo had to maintain residential estates (yashiki) in Edo, which housed their families and a number of their retainers. Besides the daimyo, direct samurai retainers of the shogunate, called hatamoto and gokenin, also resided in Edo. These samurai and their families and a population of servants (shiyonin) reached 500 thousand by beginning of the 18th century. Adding to that another 500-thousand merchants and artisans, the population of Edo at that time exceeded one million.
A census taken in 1801 showed the population of London, then the largest capital in Europe, to be around 860, 000. Edo, therefore, was the most highly populated capital in the world during that period.
In Edo, the daimyo's estates contained spaces for doing research and for editing and compiling manuscripts. The daimyo themselves wrote manuscripts while their retainers often conducted much of the research. These activities exerted a substantial influence on scholarship and research in the Edo period.
To accommodate the annual travel of the daimyo and their sizable retinues to Edo, a network of roads (gokaido), including bridges and ferries, was created and maintained, as were systems of lodges (hatagoya) and of baggage conveyance, including packhorses, barges and porters. As merchants and farmers were also able to use the hatagoya, by the beginning of the 19th century they made a travel very easily more than a month.
The sankin kotai system imposed a large financial burden on the daimyo in requiring them to journey to and upkeep estates in Edo, which consumed a large part of their income. Through the system's execution, however, a considerable degree of political and cultural similarity was achieved throughout Japan. This made it possible to establish without major obstacle a unified national system under the Meiji Restoration, after the collapse of the bakufu (Tokugawa shogunate).
This ability to bring the country together quickly distinguished Japan's unification effort from those of the period that took much longer to achieve due to entrenched internal economic and cultural differences in such European countries as Italy and Germany.

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ハワイ日系日本語文学の草創期は、日本語の書き言葉が大きく変容した日清・日露戦争期(一八九四-一九〇四)にあたる。この時期のハワイでは、書くことを必ずしも専門としない読者らの投稿文学作品が、邦字紙の投稿欄を賑わしていた。掲載作品の多くは、眼前にはない日本の自然や風景を、古典的修辞と美意識によって表現するものだった。これらの作品は、これまで研究の対象になってこなかったが、内地の感性や価値観や諸規範が通用しない現地社会で、内地の自然表象の反復・類比・置換等によって、境遇も出自も言葉も異なる人々を<日本人>にまとめあげ、また編み直す機能を持っていた。

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