There are many areas in Japan lacking substantive landscape resources and that only recently have begun public landscape planning. Using Yashio City in Saitama Prefecture, Japan,as an example of such an area, the present study examines the relationship between landscape changes and the perception of the residents. First, the landscape composition and subsequent changes following the early Showa period were clarified, based on the daily lives of the residents. Then I grasped visual elements and sites contained landscape perception of the residents. Results indicate that three types of characteristic landscapes existed. The paddy field landscape in the northern Hachijo zone was well recognized by the residents, while neither the field landscape along the Nakagawa riverside, between Nichome and Minamikawasaki, nor the old Shimotsuma highway landscape, from Igusa to Yashio, was recognized.

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街道並木か古くから保護されて来た背景は, 幕府が諸藩に課していた街道筋の道敷と共に並木敷もその藩民によって維持されて来たことにある明治初期において, 政府は, 全国的な街道並木の統一的取扱を道路行政の一端に委ねた。 その結果, 内務省は, 各藩から府県へ受け継かれた並木敷を保護の対象として官有地に位置づけた。 当然, 民有地を基盤とした並木敷も無視できないものであった。

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The Kaidocho (1739-1830) is a culinary record of an important inn in the lodging town of Odanijuku, and clearly outlines what the Hokuriku lords ate there on their way to the capital to fulfil their feudal duties. They received gifts of carp, funa (crucian), and matsutake mushrooms to be cooked, as well as funazushi, and the simple, local rice cake, samegaimochi. Later, sugared rice cake and green tea, which was light and kept well, became more popular, although gifts were sometimes refused to minimize expense. Rice, miso, soy sauce and vinegar were supplied for the lord's cooks to prepare meals. The inn's cooks prepared such meals as ichizen meshi, soup and two vegetables, and soup and three vegetables, meals often being graded in both content and quality according to lord's rank. The Dochu Honjin Kondate menu given by the Maeda Clan in 1783 included healthy foods such as rice, soup, stewed vegetables, grilled fish and pickled vegetables. When numbers were large, freshwater fish and vegetables were procured locally, while dried or salted sea fish from Tsuruga were added to local produce.

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Intending to clarify the internal structure of villages at the later part of Tokugawa period, those villages situated along the Yagurazawa-Oukan are examined in this study. The Yagurazawa-Oukan is the name of a byway used and developedd at the later part of Tokugawa period mainly for the economic activities of local people, whil ehighways at the same period, such as Tôkaidô highway, were used and developed mainly for military and political purposes:
The Yagurazawa-Outran crosses through Central Sagami from east to west, starting from Fdo Akasaka and passes through Mizonokuchi, Ebinakokubu, Atsugi, Hatano, Gotemba, and finally meets the Tôkaidô highway at Yoshiwara. In this study, the author selected the major part of the data from Jinshin Koseki (“census register obtained in 1864”) and obtained the statistical figures through the analysis of the data in accordance with indices established. The indices are listed as follows;
(1) average number of person per family. (2) rate of married people. (3) rate of stable family (a family having two or more person of 16_??_60 years old) (4) average number of working person per family (a working person here defined as lineal person of 21_??_60 years old). (5) average number of children per family.
The author also classified all the families of a village into three classes (such as, upper, middle and lower) according to Kokudaka (“size of land required to produce a Koku of rice or its equivalant products.”) each family possessed. From the data thus accumulated, the auther tried to identify the mutual relation between the structure of a village and the degree of land dependence of a village. The results of this study may de summarized briefly as follows;
1. Two patterns are observed in the statistical charts prepared to show the numbers of families according to the stratum of Kokudaka possessed. In one of the patterns., rather small differences are represented among the levels of three classes, while the other patterns indicates remarkable `differences. In other words, the latter patterns indicates that the majority of families in a village are divided into almost two part, either into the upper class or into the lower strata showing real small numbers of families in the middle class.
2. It_ is also observed that stability of the family structure of a village are affected in proportion to the Kokudaka possessed by each family. In some agricultural villages, statistical figures for the respective indices show that there are wide differences between the upper and the lower classes in any one of the indices. It is further represented that the basis of villagers' livelihood depend on land in pro portion to the size of land possessed. Meanwhile in some “town type” villages show low degree of land dependence and the character of the village structure of those villages were changed gradually into so called “city type” structure.
3. In considering the degree of land dependence from the view point of locality of villages, it, is observed that mountain villages, fishing villages, and post towns in the south and north-west part of Central Sagami represents low degree of land dependence in general. Meanwhile those agricultural. villages in the plain part of Central Sagami indicates rather high degree of land dependence. Among these, some located in rice field area show much higher degree of land dependence in comparison with others in the dry-land area. This means partly that the degree of land dependence of a village it determined in proportion to the Kokudaka of the village.

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This is a historical-geographical study of “Odo-dori, ” a by-road so-called in the Yedo period.
The road ran from Suzaka, Shinshu, throngh Nire (a stage), over Torii pass, on to Osasa (a stage), and then up to such post-towns as Kambara, Sugao, Odo, San-no- Kura, Murota and Kamiyama, till at Takasaki it joined Nakasendo, one of the five main highways in the Yedo period. It was a short cut connecting Hokkoku-Kaido, another important highway rising from northern Japan, with Nakasendo.
It was one of the communication policies of the Tokugawa Shogunate to have the round- about traffic route so built on purpose as to climb the steep mountain pass of Usui. In those days when people were so poorly favored in travelling, it naturally followed that they failed to miss any chance of taking to by-roads or short cuts, not only for the efficiency of way-faring, but for the freedom from all the punctiliousness on busy highways as well. In and around Usui pass, consequeutly, geagraphical features and other necessities helped to produce such a number of by-roads as could be seen nowhere else. In this sense, the by-roads in this district may be said to have been really unique. They presented a lively scene with the transpotation of a vast quantity of goods, especially of rice, from Hokuriku and Shinetsu districts to the consumptive city of Yedo, where a number of “doimyos” from all over the country were them residing.
At first the Shogunate was influential enough to force these goods to be carried along the round-about way on to Nakasendo, but once their authority began to slacken, more and more people come to avail themselves of these convenient short cutr- As a result, most of the post-towns along the highway, which had been owing their subsistence to the profits from the transpotation of goods, were being driven to an extreme desolation, and there were competitions ever recurring betweeu the group of old stages and that of the newly-developed ones along the by-roads, for the control over the provincial economy.
Along these by-roads, shorter and more convenient, the traffic did not decline but grew ever busier and busier, till at the end of the Yedo period, it may be assumed, the by-roads were even more frourishing than the main highway, Nakasendo. Odo- dorii, dealt with in the presenet essay, in the most typical of these by-roads.
The writer tries to discuss, referring to a variety of histoical records and pictures produced in the Yedo period, how the by-road grew increasigly prosperous, what geagraphical changes it brought about, and so foth.

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The research is one step to the historical geographical study upon the feudal stage-towns. In it will be shown some results of my study upon the scale of ten stage-towns situated between Sakamoto and Kumagaya, east of the Usui Pass in the late Edo Era.
The summary is as follows: -generally speaking, such stage-towns at the foot of the mountains as Sakamoto, Annaka or Matsuida becowere smaller in its scale, and on the other hand, stage-towns situated on the level region flourish, distinguishly found in Honjo, Kuragano or Kumagaya. Such facts were caused by their natural environments indeed, but by many by-ways on both side of Usui Pass which most passengers took besides the main road of Nakasendo. In any case, their scale may ultimately depend upon the frequency of traffic on the passages,

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