The EMPA quantitative analysis has been considered unapplicable to porous matter. This investigation emphasizes the possibility of chemical analysis for the porous catalysts of two series of silica-alumina and one series of silica-magnesia having micro pores less than 100Å.
The density ρ in the mass absorption coefficient (μ/ρ) used in the conventional ZAF correction calculation is that of nonporous matter. In the modified ZAF method proposed here, the apparent density ρ_a, which is given by ρ(1-ε) with the void fraction ε, can be used for the porous sample analysed, while the value of ρ should be used only for the non-porous reference substance. This modified ZAF method appeared reasonable for three series of samples of porous catalysts with different void fractions.

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The quantitative determination method of the chemical composition of a solid matter by using an Electron Probe Micro Analyzer has been widely applied in the analysis of metals and minerals. However, this method has not been used for catalysts, synthetic minerals and composite materials which are porous matters. It comes from several reasons: (1) surface roughness of porous matter, (2) increase in electron beam penetration depth, and (3) electric charge up in an insulator such as oxides and organic substances. In the conventional quantitative analysis of EPMA, nonporous matter is preferred not only as the measuring samples, but also as the standard samples. The main purpose of this study is to find out a method to calculate the true composition of a porous matter referrable to the data of nonporous samples. The present report describes the influences of the pore structure of analyzing samples on the X-ray intensity observed and on the composition corrected by the conventional Bence and Albee calculation method. Three series of samples known as industrial catalysts, i. e., SiO₂ gel, SiO₂Al₂O₃ (W) and SiO₂MgO (SM) were used, and each series consisted of several samples controlled to various porosities by calcination. The pore structure was measured by a mercury porosimeter. The results obtained were as follows.
(1) The X-ray intensity was found to be greatly influenced by the porosity and the pore structure of the samples.
(2) The experiments of SM calcined at lower temperatures and of porous metal (Pb) plate show that the data are meaningless unless a proper linear relation between the incident beam current and the absorbed one exists, since the sample can be charged up electrically.
(3) The sum of the mass fraction corrected by the Bence and Albee method approached to 1.0 with decreasing porosity of samples W and SM.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of "spaciousness" and it's spatial composition evident in the Case Study House Program (CSHP, 1945-1966). Even though the motivation for the CSHP was to create a mass-producible industrial house, this key concept of the new living quality is considered to be associated with the sense of rootedness. The concept of spaciousness meant to extend the living space beyond the substantial boundary of the house to the surrounding environment. The four important designing elements of spaciousness are view toward landscape, platform, flat roof and open wall. These elements create spacious physical living spaces integrated with the environment.

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