1. Tonami field is characterized by a fan shaped field sloped slightly and scattered villages in it and towns situated at the same intervals which are the center of economy and have a character of marketing town.
2. Development of the marketing town is traced by the requirement of developing human necessities.
It is conceived that the marketing town is formed by the economical necessities of the surroundig rural villages and with industrial planning by mercantile capitalists.
It was not arised naturally from scattered rural villages.
3. As to formation of the town, towns at the foot of the mountain and the field were formed by the Middle Ages and 3 towns in the middle part of the field were formed by the Recent Ages.
Classifying them b those character, they are (1) marketing towns situated at so called capital where there was a Lord with his castle, (2) marketing towns where market was opened at some special places (such as the area of shrine, temple or other special places), (3) marketing towns where market was opened for the benefit of travellers, (4) marketing towns in which most of the people engaged in commerce.
In spite of the above classification, most of the marketing towns have the same function and character at the present time.
4. Summarizing the process of the historical change of the marketing town, the character of the town, beening agricultural mainly and commercial supplementarily at the beginning, developed agricultural and commercial at the same degree, and then commercial mainly and agricultural supplementarily.
In the recent time, industry has been rised in the town and the form of economical circulation has been transformed from one way track to complicated tracks. i.e. At the beginning of formation of the town, the surplus of products of the town was sold to other area and the people lived on self-supporting and according to increase in populationand development of commerce and industry, peoples could nod live on self-supporting and they bought some kinds of goods from other areas and they sold their surplus of products to other peoples.
In Fukuno town, market is opened on 2nd, 7th, 12th, 17th, 22nd, 27th, in every month, and market opened on 27th of Decenber is noted for its prosperity.
5. The Tonami field, though it was civilized early in Etchu, showed little progress in her economical development for a long time under restrictions of natural and social circumstances. i.e. Heavy snow and long winter resulted in simple utilization of land under infantile method of agriculture, and tyranny of Lord compelled the people inactive. Since collapse of the feudal system, the economical conditions of the area has been rapidly improved in the whole. But it is noted that some towns are growing to the modern city setting up industries in order to overcome her economical difficulties popularized under the present capitalism, and the other hand, some towns are giving way to the difficulties and falling into poor agricultural villages.

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A rare case of a surgically verified parasellar neurinoma in a child is presented. The patient, a 10-year-old girl, noticed congestion of the conjunctiva of the left side 2 months prior to admission. A left sixth nerve palsy was pointed out by an ophthalmologist. The results of a neurological examination on admission were otherwise normal. A computed tomogram showed a round parasellar mass on the left side. The tumor was heterogeneously hypodense and showed a marked, homogeneous enhancement. Carotid angiography revealed tiny abnormal vessels originating from the middle meningeal artery. At operation, a solid tumor lying under the dura mater was found. It lay medially and anteriorly to Meckel's cavity, in contiguity with the cavernous sinus. Nerves IV, V, and VI were not visible even after total dissection of the tumor, and the connections to these nerves were not revealed. Histologically, the tumor was a neurinoma of the Antoni type A. The patient was discharged 3 weeks after operation with a full recovery except for a slight diplopia.
In this case the exact origin of the neurinoma could not be identified even with the use of an operating microscope. The fact that the sixth nerve palsy disappeared in a short time after removal of the tumor may suggest that the tumor did not originate from the sixth nerve. Consequently it is thought that a sensory or vasomotor nerve distributed in the dura mater may be the site of the tumor origin.

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過去3年間に手術を施行した高齢者(65歳以上)の慢性硬膜下血腫170症例において, その背景因子や助長因子について検索した. 治療成績は第1報で述べたごとく高齢者といえど良好で, その術式は今も昔も変わりなく穿頭血腫洗浄法が86.5%と主流を占めていた. これら症例のCT分類ではhigh densityとlow densityの混在したcombind typeが34.7%と多く, その他は20%前後であった. さて予後を左右する背景因子として脳萎縮や術後の脳膨隆が大きい. また術後にみられる硬膜下腔における空気の残存期間や入院時の神経学的分類も関与していた. 慢性硬膜下血腫への移行は硬膜下水腫に11.8%, 急性硬膜下血腫よりのもの3.5%が認められていた. さらに再発率は4.1%にみられ約2ヵ月前後に再貯留する傾向があり, 治療後3ヵ月間は注意を要する. これらを考慮した助長因子は脳萎縮に頭部外傷が加わった場合が31.8%にもみられ, 脳萎縮22.8%, 頭部外傷16.5%であった. 以上のことより加令による脳萎縮は当然といえるが, さらに高齢者は凝固線溶能の低下や基礎疾患として成人病や悪性腫瘍を潜在的にもっているなど個体差も大きい. そのうえ頭部外傷が加わることで高齢者の慢性硬膜下血腫は増加傾向を示唆しているものとおもわれる.

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