最近の憲法学説が通信の秘密保障を論ずる際、その主題のほとんどは、デジタル・データによる通信に限定されている。また、通信の秘密の侵害主体も、ほとんど、私人に限定され、公権力のなかでも、裁判による侵害が問題とされることは、ほとんどない。本稿では、紙媒体による通信（信書）の秘密が、裁判によって侵害される重大な事例として、破産者・成年被後見人を取り上げる。

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Research on correctional treatment based on the risk principle (Andrews & Bonta, 2010) has found that the intensity of intervention matched with the risk level of offenders’ recidivism is successful to reduce recidivism. However, there is no research dealing with this issue in a non-Western context. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the risk principle in rehabilitation for Japanese juvenile delinquents. The sample was 321 Japanese male inmates of the juvenile detention and assessment centers. They were followed for an average of 573 days after discharge to assess recidivism. Among high-risk juvenile delinquents, those who were treated in the juvenile training school showed significantly lower rates of recidivism than those who were placed under community supervision, while among low risk juveniles, there was no significant difference in recidivism between the two treatment conditions. The results indicate that the risk principle is valid for the correctional treatment of Japanese juvenile delinquents, suggesting its cross-cultural universality. Implications for juvenile justice policies and directions for future research are discussed.

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本研究では，家庭裁判所に在宅事件として送致された非行少年（N＝213）を対象に，Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory（YLS/CMI）を用いて再犯に至るリスクを査定し，予測的妥当性を検証した。従属変数としての「再犯」は，社会内で調査官調査を受けた後，再び事件を起こすことと定義し，再犯の有無，再犯に至るまでの期間を調査した。共変量として，終局処分の結果（保護処分あり，保護処分なし，その他），性別，年齢層（年少少年，年中少年，年長少年）を調査した。カプランマイヤー推定法，決定木分析，Cox比例ハザードモデルを用いて分析した結果，YLS/CMIの合計得点によって対象者が三つのリスクレベルに分類できること，YLS/CMI合計得点が1点上がるごとに瞬間再犯確率が1.109倍になることが示された。非行少年の大部分を占める在宅事件において，YLS/CMIを用いて再犯リスクを査定できることが示されたことは，このツールの非行臨床への適用可能性が拡張されたと考えることができる。

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　This study investigates the educational facts in juvenile training schools for juveniles with foreign roots, their status in these schools, and examines issues stemming from Japanese Language Education. 　We have seen cases of young people with foreign roots who have been admitted to juvenile training schools due to delinquency resulting from social maladaptation. Although juvenile training schools provide special correctional education for juveniles with foreign roots, it is not known whether all juveniles receive such education. They may be receiving the same education as Japanese juveniles. 　Thus, 5% to 7% of the juveniles in these training schools have foreign roots, and are scattered throughout juvenile detention centers. Most of them receive the same correctional education as Japanese juveniles. Law instructors may not have a common scale to judge the “Language Competence” of juveniles with foreign roots. Therefore, they are unable to properly judge their “Language Competence.” To provide effective education, it is necessary to develop a “Language Competence” index. 　Educational support for the “Language Competence” of juveniles with foreign roots should be positioned as a basic criterion of education and literacy. Japanese language education professionals should discuss and consider this with law instructors. Additionally, it is important to encourage “Citizenship Literacy” among those involved with juveniles with foreign roots.

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透析医にとって, 透析の見合わせが刑法上許容されるのかは重要な関心事である. 透析の見合わせは, 不作為といえるところ, 医師は患者との診療契約に基づく刑法上の作為義務を負っていることから, 不作為犯に問われる可能性がある. このため, 刑法的許容性の問題は, 生じた作為義務が解除される要件は何かという形で問題となる. 透析見合わせの正当化根拠は, 患者の自己決定権に基づく透析拒否権に求められる. したがって, 患者の透析拒否の意思表示を要件として作為義務が解除され, 透析の見合わせは刑法の規定する「人を殺した」行為に当たらず許容される. 患者本人に意思決定能力がない場合には, もし患者に意思決定能力があれば透析を受け入れないであろう, と他者が代行判断することが許容されるかが問題となるが, 意思決定能力がない患者でも, 患者の現在の推定的意思に基づく透析拒否権を尊重すべきであり, 慎重にされた場合には代行判断を許容すべきである.

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A follow-up survey was conducted to identify risk factors that influence recidivism. We analyzed the recidivism of 520 delinquents who were released from a Juvenile Classification Home. The analysis was performed by using split population model that was one technique of survival analysis. As a result, the following risk factors were revealed to be significant predictors of the recidivism, low age at commitment, low IQ score, property offense, the violation of the Road Traffic Law, robber and broken home. This paper clarified risk factors of delinquents released from a Juvenile Classification Home with the evidence by using a statistical model. An empirical research of risk factors of the recidivism is very few in Japan, so the technique used in this paper and the obtained findings are important. It will be thought that a more detailed, more objective risk assessment becomes possible, by accumulating variables and building findings.

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　This paper considers a framework of AI and Governance (Regulation) from the viewpoint that AI (Artificial Intelligence (AI)) society is about to arrive.
　Things to consider now is not the way governance is required where AI permeates every corner of society, but a governance framework which would fit to the situation of the transitional period in which AI will be utilized from now on that would gradually change the system of the society. 　
　At present, it is important to think of the areas where substitution by AI is difficult and consider a possible framework and create a framework that could apply to a field which includes system that AI cannot quickly replace the existing system but may change in the future. That is, considering a future regulatory framework with awareness of the existence of such difficulties.
　At the same time, however, governance structure should consider the areas where people have to take responsibility even in the future, and thus protect such sectors that should not be substituted for AI with regulation.

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家庭裁判所における非行臨床の歴史を方法論に基づいてその変遷を振り返った。最初に，家庭裁判所におけるケースワーク論の変遷である。家庭裁判所調査官はケースワーカーであるといった1960年代からの論文を中心に，その後ケースワーク論が下火になっていく時代的な背景について検討した。っぎは，精神分析的精神療法に代表される精神内界へのアプローチを取り上げ検討した。1960年代より，家庭裁判所調査官の精神分析的精神療法に対する関心はきわめて高く，特に土居健郎をはじめとして外部講師からの影響は計り知れない。また，彼らのもとでのスーパーバイジー体験から学んだ成果が論文として数多く産出されることになり，非行臨床の一翼を担うことになる。また，家族療法に代表される家族・集団に対する対人関係へのアプローチはその後，ブリーフセラピーや解決志向アプローチへと広く展開されることになる。ここでは，深い理解よりも問題を解決しようとする実践的なスタンスが強調されている。2000年代に入り，保護的措置の説明責任が求められるなか，家庭裁判所はより分かりやすい援助，介入として社会奉仕活動を積極的に取り入れることになる。

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