The purpose of this experiment was to examine correlations among encoding ability, decoding ability, and individual differences. Thirty undergraduates were measured on the CPI10 (short version of California Personality Inventory), Y-G Personality Inventory, and assessed for their ability to encode and decode facial and vocal expressions depicting six different emotions. The main findings were as follows: (a) encoding scores were positively correlated with both CPI10 and Y-G; (b) decoding score was correlated with CPI10 and negatively correlated with Y-G; (c) there was no correlation between encoding and decoding score on vocal expression or facial expression; and (d) there was no sex difference.

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本研究では,科学好きな子どもを育てることを目的に,理科の研修不足の解消に着目し,地域における教員研修プログラムの開発・実施・評価を通して,その工夫・改善のポイントを探った。その結果,教員研修を充実させる際の要因を設定することができた。

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The present study was to investigate the influences of teacher expectation and authoritarianism on their attributions of causality for pupils performances. Subjects were twenty-four school teachers (15 males and 9 females). Half of them were assigned to a high authoritarian group, and the others to a low authoritarian group, based on their self-rating scores on reconstructed authoritarian personality scales.
All teachers were interviewed as to their expecta tions for each of their pupils. At the same time, a standardized arithmetic test was administered to all the pupils in their classrooms.
Considering the interview data, 2 pupils with positive expectation ratings and 2 pupils with negative expectation ratings were selected in each class as the targets for this experiment. Selected pupils were assigned to one of four conditions on the basis of both their performances on the arithmetic test and the direction of teacher expectation, i. e. positive expectation-high performance, positive expectation-low performance, negative expectation-high performance, and negative expectation-low performance.
Teachers were informed of all targets test performances, and were then asked to rate the effects of causal factors (ability, effort, test difficulty, and luck) on pupils performances, using 7-point scales.
Resultant findings:
(1) Teachers tended to attribute high performances by positive-expectation pupils to internal factors much more than those of negative-expectation pupils, and low performances by positive-expectation pupils to external factors much more than those of negativeexpectation pupils. That is, pupils performances were attributed in the direction of confirming teachers preestablished expectations.
(2) It was partly found that the relation between teacher expectation and causal attribution for pupils performances was influenced by teacher's authoritarianism. That is, high authoritarian teachers tended to attribute the causality for pupils performances in the direction of confirming teachers; preestablished expectations more strongly than did low authoritarian teachers.
These findings were discussed from the viewpoint of teacher expectation effects.

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現在、日本で実社会・実生活と関連を重視した理科教育が求められていることを鑑み、アメリカで開発されアースシステム科学に基づいた「アースシステム教育」が全米科学教育スタンダードに準拠し、実社会・実生活に関連した科学教育であることを説明し、その教育の日本での実践方法を解説した。

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The relationships between social dominance orientation (SDO) and political attitudes and prejudice have been investigated mainly in Western societies, with little known about them in other societies, especially in Japan. In this study, we examined the external validity of the SDO scale and the relationship between SDO and discriminatory attitudes toward foreigners using samples of Japanese undergraduates and adults from the general population. Across four studies, the results confirmed the reliability of the Japanese SDO scale and found that SDO positively correlated with political conservatism, such as taking a firm stance on the “Takeshima” Island (“Dokdo” in Korean) or “Senkaku” Islands (“Diaoyu Islands” in Chinese and “Diaoyutai Islands” in Taiwanese) problems, negative and avoidant attitudes towards foreigners, and discriminatory attitudes toward Korean residents in Japan. We also found that some gender differences of political attitudes and prejudice were statistically mediated by the gender difference of SDO. These results suggest that SDO can be one of valid explanations to understand the individual differences in Japanese political and discriminatory attitudes.

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近年臨床に応用されてきているキャスタブルセラミッククラウンは審美性, 生体親和性に優れ, 低熱伝導性, ロストワックス法により製作することができる長所を有しているが, 一方強度の不足により破折が生じるという問題が指摘されている.そこで今回我々は, キャスタブルセラミッククラウンの強度に接着性レジンセメントの硬さが影響を及ぼすかどうかを明らかにすることを目的として, 三次元有限要素法を用いて応力解析を行った.応力解析モデルは右側下顎第一大臼歯が存在する下顎骨標本を用いた.キャスタブルセラミッククラウンはキャスミッククラウンを想定して, 合着材はヤング率が異なる接着性レジンセメントを想定した.荷重点は頬側咬頭の外斜面および咬頭頂, 荷重方向は歯軸方向, 頬側20°方向および舌側20°方向に変化させた時のキャスタブルセラミッククラウン, 支台歯, 周囲組織に生ずる内部応力の差異について三次元有限要素応力解析法を用いて比較検討を行った.以上の結果から次の結論を得た.1.キャスミッククラウンに生じる引張応力は荷重点および測定点が変化すると, セメントのヤング率の大きさによる影響は変化した.2.荷重点が同じでも荷重方向が変化するとキャスミッククラウンに生じる引張応力はセメントのヤング率の大きさによる影響が変化した.3.臨床ではキャスミッククラウンは合着するセメントのヤング率が大きいほど破折の危険が小さくなることが示唆された.4.セメントのヤング率が大きい方がヤング率が小さいものより歯髄周囲象牙質部に与える影響は小さいことが示唆された.5.歯根膜ではセメントのヤング率の大きさによる影響は少ないことが示唆された.

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Recently new types of all-ceramic restoration systems have been developed and clinically applied. Since the core or porcelain material has been much improved in strength, it may be possible to apply the systems not only to single crown but also to short span bridge. When clinically applied to the connected crowns, however, they have often presented a problem of poor fit although satisfactory fitness has been demonstrated for single crown by several reports. In the present study, therefore, the factors affecting the fit were examined at the stages after the green core casting and some experimental approaches were evaluated for fabricating better fitting all-ceramic connected crowns using Alceram^<TM> system. The results obtained were as follows : 1. All-ceramic connected crowns fabricated according to the manufacturer's standard firing schedule (control specimen) showed poor fit having large marginal gap on the working die although each component crown itself separately exhibited good fit to its die. 2. It was found that the connected crowns were distorted as a whole into mesio-distally warped shape and that most of the distortion might have been caused during firing for core sintering due to the release of inner stresses of the green core. No significant changes were observed at the stage of the porcelain firing. 3. The use of a sprue modified into webbed-shape slightly restrained the distortion of the connected crowns while no significant reduction in the average marginal gap was recognized. 4. A modified design having vertically enlarged connection between the crowns showed marked decrease in warped-shape distortion and marginal gap. 5. When the core firing was prolonged for 30 minutes at the maximum temperature of the standard schedule, the resultant core showed better fit with marginal gap as small as half the control specimen. 6. By introducing a preheating treatment of the green core at 200℃ as it was seated on the working die prior to the standard firing, the marginal gap reduced to half the control. 7. When the core was fired as the sprue was left uncut, the good fit of the green core on the working die was almost maintained even after firing and sprue cutting. It might be due to the stress relief annealing reaction by this treatment. It was suggested from the foregoing results that it would be the best way for improving the fit of the all-ceramic connected crowns to cut sprue after core firing although it might have a risk of fracturing the brittle core.

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