英文リーダビリティの測定にはこれまで単語数と音節数による指標が多く考えられて来たが,我々はこれらに単語と熟語の難易度を加えた新しい指標の作成方法を開発した.それには単語と熟語の難易度を与える辞書とこの辞書を利用して文を解析するプログラムが不可欠であった.この論文ではプログラムの製作過程と動作を通して,新しい指標の作成方針とそれを具体的に実現する方法を解説する.我々の指標は教科書を基に作り上げられており,すべての英語学習国でその国の英語教育の実情に合わせて容易に作成できることが特徴である.

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This research is a historical survey of 16 student organizations, such as "Tokyo University Correspondence Society," that conducted "Academic Competition." These competitions were essentially trial examinations for students of high schools and preparatory schools (private schools for students preparing for university entrance examinations) all over the country. Using university facilities, these student organizations were founded by students to address the problems of student poverty and at the same time to improve the academic achievement of high school students. In this time period, national universities did not properly publicize information regarding campus life. Instead, the universities relied on student organizations to disseminate such information to students and the public. For this reason, they were fostered by university authorities, and their activities were reported in the media. A study of the history of these organizations reveals the following three points: First, there was a dramatic change in the perception of student organizations over the time under consideration. Initially, student organizations were seen as addressing student poverty and improving academic achievement of high school students. Over time, however, these same organizations were thougut to only be taking money from students and worsening "examination hell." As the latter perception became predominant among the public, student organizations were dismantled by 1970. This trend reflects the impact of post-war reconstruction and rapid economic growth that led to a dramatic increase in the number of students seeking a university education. Second, dispite the external shock of entrance exam changes and negative popular preception, these student organizations continued their business as usual. Even as they were seen as money-making ventures, student organizations remained a vital source of information regarding university for entrance examinees and for high schools and preparatory schools. Third, the business model designed by student organizations was unique and innovative, so much so that after their dissolution, their role was inherited by a new entrance exam "industry." After a fouryear absence of practice exams specific to each university, in 1974 Kawaijuku founded "The Tokyo University Open." Thereafter, variations of this model multiplied, and Kawaijuku became nationally recognized and moved its operation to Tokyo in 1977. Kawaijuku's success launched the "preparatory schools war," that lasted until the late 1980s. In a sense, student organizations were the precursors of the "preparatory schools war."

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放送制度では多元性・多様性・地域性が重視されてきたが，地上波テレビにおいては東京一極集中が進行している。しかしながら1975年以前には，フリーネットやクロスネットが存在し，現在よりも多様性が高かった。なかでも，教育局である日本教育テレビ (NET) と準教育局である毎日放送テレビ (MBSテレビ) によるネットワークは，多様な展開をみせた。一方でNETとMBSテレビは，教育局・準教育局ゆえに，教育番組や教養番組であっても視聴率がとれる番組を追求した。その結果，1960年代末にクイズ番組が大量に編成された。「クイズ局」と呼ばれたこの現象は，商業教育局による特異なネットワークにおいて，いかにして生じたのだろうか。

本稿では，「クイズ局」という事象を史的に分析し，番組種別の規制がネットワークを通じて傘下の送り手に与えた影響を明らかにした。結論は以下の通りである。「クイズ局」という現象は，クイズ番組という形式が，教育局が量的規制をクリアしつつ高い娯楽性を実現するのに有効であったと同時に，ネットワークを組んだ在阪局が東京へ情報発信する上で有効な形式であったがために生じた。番組種別の量的規制は，規制対象の局に影響を与えるだけでなく，ネットワーク関係にある局に対しても影響を与えたことが確認された。

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of imported television programs and how the creation of the domestic industry for program contents production involved domestic movie companies (DMC) and sponsors. One of the initial problems faced by the television business was the paucity of the domestic industry for producing programs. DMC held important resources, such as stocks of old movies and capabilities of producing contents, which could complement the television industry. But DMC did not cooperate with the television business, which thus had to depend on importing contents, mostly from the United States. Foreign exchange allocation for television enabled the television business to import programs. It meant that imported programs made up for the inadequacy of domestic capabilities to produce programs and contributed to the enrichment of television contents. Content improvement in turn contributed to the increase in the utility value of television sets themselves. Thus television broadcasting established itself as a new mass media at an early stage through the active use of imported programs. The substantial liberalization of the televisions contents trade in 1963 provided an opportunity for the television business to meet the conditions for the realization of a domestic industry to produce programs. In the meantime, the position of DMC as well as sponsors changed. In the middle of the 1960s, the domestic industry was finally established. DMC were then to become active participants in the television business, and sponsors came to appreciate the quality of domestic programs.

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