The Meiji Government took the reins of the government from the Edo Shogunate by Meiji Restration. Despite of this change, the greater part of administrative organizations of Edo Shogunage were taken over by the Meiji Government. There were some administrative fields which took over organizations of the Edo Shogunate, for example, finance, foreign affairs, home affairs, and so on. In this paper, I study the administrative continuation between Hakodate Bugyosho and Kaitakushi from 1868 ot 1876. Hakodate Bugyosho is one of the local agencies of the Edo Shogunate. Kaitakushi is the government office established in 1869 for the purpose of development of Hokkaido. These administrative organs were established at Hokkaido, and their duties had some points of similarity. Their similar duties were home administration of Hokkaido includes development, defense of Hokkaido and negotiations with consuls of Hakodate. Because of this, officials of Hakodate Bugyosho were employed at Kaitakushi continuously. But they were dismissed gradually after 1872. The reasons of this are the improvement of original administrative organization of Kaitakushi itself and the change of development policy by Kiyotaka Kuroda, vice-minister of Kaitakushi.

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This paper is tried the reproduction of city fire at Kanazawa in Edo-period by physically based city fire simulation. The old wooden houses called Machiya along the main road were burned out like a fuse along the main road. The lower-level samurai houses called Ashigaru-yashiki were burned out the same as Machiya. On the contrary, the high-level samurai houses called Buke-yashiki were difficult to burn out on account for the larger premises compared with Machiya and Ashigaru-yashiki. The case study results were shown from condition of city fire after 15 minutes occurrence of a fire to that after 360 minutes.

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The three great clans of the Soma, Uesugi and the Date in the north-eastern districts of Japan had a number of the samurai, who excepting the time when they were on duty, such as a keeper of the gate, the warehouse, etc., lived in their tenures of land in the country, employing their servants and families for the village of the land, often working for themselves in their own farms. Especially the House of Date, having many samurai subjects, and avoiding their concentration only in Sendai, the castle-town, ordered them to build their horses, their tenures and their rear vassals to live thereabouts. Just as daimyo were dispersed all over Japan, everywhere in the estate of the Date clan, there were many great and small castles of its subject, which were surrounded by the tenures of their rear vassals, who occupied in the neibourhood. Besides the settlements of the foot-samurai established for the purpose of supplying the Sendai castle with labour and the colonization of the fan, not a few settlements of foot-samurai were founded in the low damp ground along the Kitakami river for its reclamation.
In the Uesugi clan, though its estate beaeme gradually narrow, its subjects did not decrease in number. So all of them could not sustain consumer's life in the castle town, and about households, namely, one third of the total number of its subjects, were ordered to take tip their quarters on the lands as yet undeveloped outside the castle town, mostly on the Matsukawa fan, and to live the life of a samurai and farmer.
In the Son a clan there had been more than 300 native samurai living in the country since the Middle Age, remaining in the leading and most influential positions in the village. After wards those masterless samurai whose ancestors had done distinguished services to the clan were adopted as yeomen, and given some newly reclaimed lands as tenure. Still later, those who helpted to alleviate the financial difficulties of the clan by a donation were enfeoffed as yeomen.
It was common to these three clans that, from the necessity of com-bining old, most influential families with them in order to administer their own clans, they received these men of influence as yeomen, and in case of war, they were called out in the military services. Further-more, in the Date clan, there were so-called “Shinakawari farmers”, who, usually living in the farm, were mobilized to go to the battle field on an emergency. In short, there were various kinds of countrysamurai that could not be clearly distinguished between a farmer and a samurai.
Another example shows that, in the Katakura clan at Shiraishi, be-longed to the House of Date, the samurai of one settlement amounted to more than one half of all its settlers.
If the process of the making of these country-samurai settlements where they had been living since the time when the samurai and the farmer were not yet distinguished, and their mode of living are made clear by the research, the actual state of things at the birth of the samurai communities in the middle age may consequently be brought to light.

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In this paper the author studies the nature of the bukehokonin 武家奉公人 (the servants of a military family), that seems to not have been defined clearly in previous studies. Most of the previous research on the buhehokonin rests upon analysis of military house law. Here, however, the author intends to examine the nature of these servants from a different angle by analyzing their duty within the clan (han) to which they belonged. The object of study is the hokonin under the immediate control of the Kaga Clan. This clan had a public office called wariba 割場, which organized a great number of directly supervised servants that consisted of ashigaru (upper servants) and komono 小者 (lower servants). Therefore, if we take notice of what services they chiefly discharged, we realize that they changed from military service at the beginning of the feudal unification age, construction services in the early period, to official services in the middle and the late period. As for military services, the role each servant played in the battlefield and the rank he held according to his specific role became only a formality and in practice gave place to construction and official services. This is shown by the fact that such a formalized system of military roles and ranks could not keep up with the system of military mobilization necessary at the end of the shogunate. To serve in the public offices required the servants to accustom themselves to thd proper duties of each office. As a consequence, from the middle period the organization of the ashigaru and komono began to differentiate so as to provide specialists engaged in each office. Conversely the wariba, whose function it had been to fill much of the demand for the hokonin limited itself to supplying only a casual lack of the hokonin. At the same time the positions held by the ashigaru and the komono, which a class of common servants had sometimes occupied in the early period, came to be held exclusively by the members of a particular family. In the middle and the late period, the ashigaru and the komono began to work steadily in the same office for long periods of time, in order to receive a regular wage and be eligible for promotion to a higher rank. So we must conclude that they had characteristics distinct from those of the common servants and the family servants.

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The Principal Tower of Nagoya Castle was restored on a large scale from 1752 to 1755. This paper evaluates and analyses the restoration process of the tower based on the drawings and specifications which have explained about the temporary constructions, such as: scaffolds and bridges that was built inner and outer of the tower. The historical materials that are connected to the plan of the temporary constructions as mentioned above as a large scale restoration might be limited, particularly in Edo Period. By this paper, those historical materials will be explained in detail.

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In the Edo period the peasants were prohibited by law from possessing weapons. Neverthless, the peasants already practiced Bujutsu in the first half of the Edo period. Documents of the MUSO-JIKIDEN Schools in the possession of the Takizawa family in a village in North Shinano have been found and analyzed by the present author. The purpose of this study is threefold:(1)To clarify what kinds of peasant in a village community practice the martial arts of the MUSO-JIKIDEN Schools. (2)To clarify what kind of Bujutsu they practice, that is to say, what is the MUSO-JIKIDEN Schools. (3)To clarify the purposes for which they practice it. Briefly, the main conclusions were as follows:(1)Many of the peasants that practiced the MUSO-JIKIDEN Schools were also the samurais of the lowest rank in the Matsushiro clan, that is to say, they were the marginal people in the villages. (2)The MUSO-JIKIDEN Schools was comprehensive bujutsu which was medieval. It consisted of jujutsu, bojutsu, iai, nawa, and so on. (3)The purpose of the MUSO-JIKIDEN Schools was primarily vocational educaion, but it was pastime and sport for many peasants in the villages.

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戦国時代において、伊賀衆や甲賀衆とよばれた戦闘集団は、伊賀国や近江国甲賀郡の国人・土豪の同名中を中核に、彼らに従属する被官衆と、百姓の傭兵集団たる衆によって構成されていた。衆は、独自に強力な軍事力を発揮し、他国まで出陣して攻城戦をおこなうことさえあった。伊賀衆や甲賀衆は信長に抵抗して惣国一揆や郡中惣による領域支配を維持しようとするが、甲賀衆は天正二年に、伊賀衆は天正九年に敗退して臣従する。豊臣秀吉は、当初彼らの軍事力を活用するが、天正十三年閏八月、畿内近国を制圧した直後に兵農分離策を断行して、兵として他国で仕官するか、農として在国するかの選択を迫った。仕官を求めて他国に出て行った伊賀衆や甲賀衆のなかに、卓越した諜報能力を評価されて服部正成のように幕府に仕えたり、諸藩に召し抱えられる者があった。彼らの実態はクラスの下級武士を束ねた諜報集団であって、それが忍者組織として認知されてゆくことになるのである。

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島原市における現在へ受け継がれる湧水利用のしくみについて、人々と湧水との付き合い方、維持管理が時代毎に形を変えながら現在に引き継がれているその変容プロセスと、城下町として発達した武家地の水系をはじめとする町人地、農村地、魚村地等それぞれの地区毎の特徴やそこで培われてきた社会的ルールを捉える事を目的とし研究を行った。その結果、資源共有について地区ごとの特徴を捉える事ができた。(1)藩士屋敷は空間構造が変化しても管理体制が共有されていた為利用が維持され続けた。(2)屋敷は用途の統一によって資源の共有が図られた。(3)上の原地区は町内の住民活動により湧水が維持管理されていた。(4)船津地区はデザインの明確さや用途の掲示等により規則の共有を促していた。_(5)_島原市では雲仙普賢岳噴火災害後、地域団体が湧水をまちの資源として見直し始め、市全体での資源利用の秩序や場所毎の在り方の指向を提示するようになった。

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This paper deals with the analysis of the characteristics of road network in the whole area of the castle town of Kanazawa at the end of Edo Period. The data is collected from “Kanazawa Kusazu” and “Kanazawa Sokuryo Zuseki”, each of which is a survey map for every streets in the whole area of the castle town at the end of Edo Period. The length, width and gradient of all roads in this town are calculated and analyzed, which is related with the classification of roads and the residents' classes of roadside area.

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