This study aimed to determine the actual state of long-distance running classes in Japanese high schools. A total of 738 schools were randomly selected from high schools throughout Japan (15% sampling rate), and a survey was conducted in February 2023 using mail questionnaires. Of the 738 schools surveyed, 199 schools responded (27.0% response rate). Data from 197 schools were analyzed, excluding two schools, which failed to fill out the questionnaire. The findings of the study indicated that 68.0% of the high schools offered long-distance running as a mandatory class in at least one grade. The first, second, and third grades, in that order, had the highest percentages of mandatory long-distance running classes. Since the total body endurance of high school students declines as they progress through the grades, it is necessary to investigate the effect of mandatory long-distance running classes on students’ overall body endurance in the future. The average distance run per class was between 2.5 and 3.4 km for boys and between 2.0 and 2.8 km for girls, which was approximately within the range of the distance indicated in the Courses of Study. In addition, while the goals related to “attitude of proactive learning” tended to be oriented, the goals related to “knowledge” did not. This suggests the importance for students of accumulating knowledge about long-distance running classes to acquire and utilize said knowledge in the future.

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 Most junior and senior high school students dislike long-distance race in physical education classes, even though many adults enjoy running marathons or spectating at middle- or long-distance races at track and field meetings. The purpose of this study was to develop a new approach to teaching long-distance races in physical education classes, enabling students to enjoy learning tactics for long-distance races in track and field athletics. Tactics for long-distance races were first characterized by analyzing the pace of the women's world record 1,500 m race (3′50″07) and the winning race in the 2015 world championship (4′08″09), won by Genzebe Dibaba, the women's 1,500 m world record holder. This analysis showed that the tactics of a long distance race can be classified into two types: 1) to maintain a pace for improving upon one's record (“tactics for record”) and 2) to compete making use of a slow start, pace changing, and a final sprint to win without any thought of records (“tactics for winning”). Secondly, previous reports on physical education practices for long-distance races were collected and analyzed. This analysis suggested that most practices focused on learning “tactics for record,” which would inevitably exhaust learners, and that the positive learning outcomes of these classes might not make up for the negative experience of “exhaustion,” and thus most learners took an instinctive dislike to long-distance races in physical education classes. Thirdly, a new loop course was created, which included a number of “non-passing zones.” This race condition was designed in order for learners to enjoy learning the “tactics for winning.” A learning experiment, for which 20 university students volunteered, was then conducted to test the efficiency of the race condition created. Video analysis of racing by the subjects and a questionnaire investigation showed that most subjects enjoyed learning the “tactics for winning” and competing with other subjects under the race conditions created. From these results, it is concluded that physical education classes for long-distance races enable students to enjoy long-distance races by focusing on “tactics for winning” using the race conditions created.

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　【背景】エリート

者のパフォーマンスは、最大酸素摂取量などの有酸素性能力だけでは説明できないことが示唆されている。本研究では、エリート者が発揮するのパフォーマンスに対して、スプリント能力及び筋パワーが重要な因子となるのかを検討することを目的とした。【方法】本研究では、7名の国内トップレベルの男子シニア者（最大酸素摂取量：68.7 ± 2.4 ml/kg/min）を対象に測定を実施した。本研究では、競技会における5,000m走の自己最高記録を者のパフォーマンスとした（13:33.68 ± 0:10.79）。スプリント能力の測定として、60m走及び100m走を実施した。また、筋パワーの測定として、立ち五段跳びを実施した。【結果】5,000m走の自己最高記録は、最大酸素摂取量との間に有意な相関関係が認められなかったが、60m走及び100m走時の最高走速度と、そして、立ち五段跳びとの間にそれぞれ有意な相関関係が認められた。【結論】本研究の結果から、エリート者が高いパフォーマンスを発揮する背景には、高い有酸素性能力を有することに加えて、高いスプリント能力及び筋パワーも重要となる可能性が示唆された。

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　本研究は中学校女子の体育授業時における身体活動特性の個人差を明らかにすることを目的とした。中学校２年生女子42名を対象とし、

（2000m）、剣道およびバスケットボールの授業において、各２回ずつ測定を行った。測定項目は、歩数、心拍数（max-min）、移動距離、最大スピード、平均スピードおよび運動強度であり、EPSON社製WristableGPSおよびスズケン社製LifecoderGSを用いて測定した。個人差の程度を検証するため変動係数を算出し、単元による身体活動特性の違いを明らかにするため、測定授業において対応のある一要因分散分析を適用した。分析の結果、は剣道と比べすべての測定項目の平均値が有意に高い値を示した。一方、剣道における変動係数はすべての測定項目においてよりも有意に高い値を示した。特に剣道との移動距離および平均スピードの変動係数は（0.81、0.07）、（0.83、0.07）であり著しい差が認められた。は走る距離が決められていたため個人差は小さくなったが、剣道は距離による制約がないため様々な要因によって個人差が大きくなったと考えられる。

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　本研究は中学校女子の体育授業における身体活動の個人差および単元間差を明らかにすることを目的とした。中学校女子2年生42名、3年生43名を対象とし、

、剣道、バスケットボール、バレーボール、マット運動およびダンスの授業における歩数および運動強度を調査した。歩数の測定にはWristableGPSを、運動強度の測定にはLifecorder GSを用いた。単元ごとの歩数と運動強度の関連を検証するためピアソンの積率相関係数を算出した結果、、マット運動、バスケットボールおよびダンスに有意な関連が認められた。しかし散布図をみると、においては歩数、運動強度ともに高い水準にあったが、マット運動では低い水準に、バスケットボールおよびダンスでは広範囲に分布していることが確認された。また、歩数および運動強度の単元間差を明らかにするため一要因分散分析および多重比較検定を適用した結果、歩数についてはが、運動強度についてはおよびバスケットボールが他の単元と比べて有意に高かった。体育授業では身体活動に単元間差がみられ個人差の大小は単元によって異なることが示唆された。

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Attempts were made through classes of physical education to verify the effectiveness of our learning program of long distance running, which mainly focuses on“even pace”running, for the lower record group from the perspective of changes in their records of and attitudes toward long distance running. Our subjects were 1435 of 7th graders（boys 714, girls 721）in Tokyo. We instructed them in every Oct.―Dec. period during 1999-2005 utilizing the program（15 instructions of physical education), that we developed. Each subject records（boys 1500 m run, girls 1000 m run）was applied to 10 grades in MEXT standard scale. When the subjectʼs score was grades 1-3 for boys and 1-4 for girls, it allocated to the low group. We conducted surveys on the changes of attitudes on long distance running and practice of this program through formative evaluation of instructions. We compared records and formative evaluation of instructions before and after the program. The results are as follows： Lower records group increased to 5.9％ from 22.8％（boys）and to 1.5％ from 9.2％（girls). 83.4％ of the boys and 87.1％ of the girls in lower records group improved in scale. The average of 1500 m run in boys lower records group significantlly improved to 7ʼ13”from 8ʼ9”. The average of 1000 m run in girls lower records group significantlly improved to 4ʼ57”from 5ʼ38”. Attitudes of the subjects became significantlly favorable in 27 out of 29 question items. Improvement of abhorring feeling, decrease of pain, increase of satisfaction appeared remarkably. All of 4 factors of enjoy, activity results, social behavior, friendship were improved significantly. A program in physical education“learning of even pace on long distance running”utilized in this research was verified effective for lower records group.

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本研究は,

による足部内側縦アーチの形状の変化と, アーチ部の変形に寄与する走行フォームの要因および足圧中心点との関連性を明らかにすることを目的とした. 被験者は10km完走経験のある男性7名とした. 試技は, 加工した靴を用いて反射マーカーを足部へ直接貼付した状態でトレッドミル上にて10km走行し, その前後の走動作を地面反力計と3次元動作分析装置で計測した. 結果として0km地点と10km地点の比較では, アーチ高率の最小値 (以下, 最小アーチ高率) が増大した被験者, 減少した被験者, 変化が極めて小さい被験者がみられた. 典型例3名の最小アーチ高率の増減に寄与する要因について, 接地時と最小アーチ高率になる時点の走行フォームに着目し, 身体重心位置と各セグメント重心間の距離, 体幹と下肢の身体セグメント角度の項目に対し主成分分析を行った. 結果として, 最小アーチ高率になる時点の左前足部の左傾角度, 下腿の左傾角度, 支持期中の身体重心位置に対する足部重心位置の3項目が, 身体セグメントを側方に倒すまたは移動させる要素であり, 最小アーチ高率の増減に寄与していると考えられた.

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Subjects in this study included long distance runner ( 6 men and 10 women) selected from members of a track and field club. Urine was collected two hours after the lasting voiding (immediatery after an early morning trainig session of 5 to 10km or before noon on days without training)to compare the dynamics of uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. The results are listed below:
1) The serum uric acid level among young adult long distance runners was significancy higher in men than in women. A relatively low uric acid and creatinine clearance ratio in men compared to that of women is thought to explain this difference.
2) It was suggested that exertion imposed by long distance running caused an increase in uric acid production; but no increased in the serum uric acid level was recognized in women with high uric acid clearance rates. A significant rise in the serum uric acid level was noted among men after long distance running but none developed hyperuricemic symptoms when the serum uric acid level exceeded 7.0mg/100ml.
3) Fluctuations in the levels hypoxanthine and xanthine, two precursors of uric acid, induced by long distance running were generally similar to the changing patterns of the uric acid level. It was suggested that long distance running dose not induced continued hyperuricemia.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify structure factors and it's changes as the school stage progresses of attitudes for endurance and long-distance running of elementary, lower and upper secondary school students in physical education.
A questionnaire survey (four point scale, 34items) was conducted for all grades from 1st grade in elementary to 3rg grade in upper secondary school students.
This survey was conducted in 2012.
The total number of subjects was 2166. Subjects by the school stage was elementary 457, lower secondary 1257 and upper secondary school 452 students.
Results were as follows:
We found that five facors were 1st “engagement”, 2nd “achievement”, 3rd “collaboration”, 4th “favorable”, 5th “unpleasant” by the exploratory factor analysis (accumulated contribution ratio＝48.1％).
The validity of factor structure was confirmed by analysis of confirmatory factor analysis.
Changes of factor scores as the school stage progresses (from elementary school lower grade, elementary school higher grade, lower secondary to upper secondary school) were significant in all five factors each (one way anova).
4 facors that were 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th changed to be negative as the school stage progresses of attitudes for endurance and long-distance running.
But the trend of change was not specified in 5th factor.
Attitudes of students changed to be negative as the school stage progresses of attitudes for endurance and long-distance running. It was the same tendency as other physical education, exercise and sports.
However, it was not all the same, it can be pointed out that the trend differs depending on each factor.
1st “engagement”, 2nd “achievement”, 3rd “collaboration”, 4th “favorable” factors were strongly related and positive in five factors. It was suggested that motivation, achievement and coproduction were derived as a cause of favorable factor by structural equation modeling.

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　This study investigated 57 male junior high school students who received coaching in endurance running using 3 methods: the all-out method, the inner/outer track (I/OT) method, and the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) method. We compared the changes in awareness regarding endurance running and explored the factors responsible for these changes based on exercise intensity and pace strategy. Our results were as follows: 1) Before implementation of the coaching methods, most students (59.2%) disliked endurance running. The all-out method had almost no change on this attitude, 53.2% of the students still continuing to dislike endurance running. After training using the I/OT method, 42.9% of students disliked endurance running, and after training using the RPE method, this proportion was reduced to 22.2%. 2) The students’ responses to open-ended questions revealed that 66.7% of them associated the all-out method with pain, and that 12.5% associated it with competition. After the I/OT method, 55.1% of the responses were related to pain. However, compared to the all-out method, more students (22.4%) mentioned competition. After the RPE method, the most common point mentioned was remaining strength (51.1%), followed by pain (31.1%). 3) When the all-out method was employed, running speed decreased significantly during the early stage, and this gradually continued to the middle stage. When the I/OT method was used, running speed decreased significantly during the early stage, and then repeatedly increased and decreased during the middle stage. Running speed with the RPE method was significantly lower than for the other 2 methods and showed no changes over time. 4) The heart rate observed for each coaching method rose rapidly immediately after the start, and the average heart rate at the 20% time point had increased to 180.5±9.3 bpm and 181.2±9.2 bpm for the all-out and I/OT methods, respectively, and to 165.7±12.3 bpm for the RPE method. The average heart rate increased gradually to 190.0±12.6 bpm and 191.1±9.7 bpm for the all-out and I/OT methods, respectively, at the 70-100% time point. The average heart rate for the RPE method at the 70-100% time point was 179.4±13.2 bpm. 5) Our results indicate that pain associated with the all-out method discouraged endurance running in the participants. With the I/OT method, the sense of competition contributed to a decrease in students’ dislike of endurance running. The RPE method facilitated comfortable and even-paced running, and appeared to instill a positive attitude towards endurance running.

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　ランニングなどの走動作では、支持期中に足部に繰り返し加わる荷重により、トラス構造をもつ内側縦アーチが変形し接地衝撃を緩衝している。過度に低いアーチや高いアーチは障害との関連性が指摘されている。

中のアーチ変形にともなう走行フォーム毎の障害リスク因子を早期発見することは、障害予防に繋がり得る。そこでランニング習慣のある男性18名にトレッドミルシステム上にて10kmのを行わせた。その際、靴を加工し、足部にマーカーを直接貼付することで足部内側縦アーチの形状変化を計測した。結果として中のアーチ高率が最小になる（MAHR）タイミングで、足関節が最大背屈位を呈していた。0km地点、5km地点、10km地点を比較して、従来は減少すると思われていたMAHRの変化が極めて小さかった被験者が8名いた。MAHRの変化が小さい被験者は、中に走行フォームを変えることでMAHRの維持に繋がった可能性が考えられる。MAHRの変化が小さかったランニングフォームの下肢の動作と障害との関連性を検討した。

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of plyometric training on longdistance runners by comparing changes in long-distance running performance and vertical stiffness. The subjects were seven males long-distance student runners who formed part of the training group and six males who formed part of the control group. The training group performed plyometric training twice a week for eight weeks. The training consisted of one set of ten repetitions of rebound jumps (RJ), 40m of bounding exercise, and 60m of relaxed running. The entire process was repeated five times a day. To even up the amount of exercise between the training and control groups, control group did 100m of relaxed running at the same schedules. Besides this difference in plyometric training, the training and control groups performed the same training.
The main results were as follows:
1) With regard to vertical stiffness in RJ and standing quintuple jumps, the performance of the training group improved significantly.
2) The performance of the training group improved significantly with regard to vertical stiffness in long-distance running.
3) Although 5000m race time for the training and control groups reduced significantly, there was no difference between groups.
These results suggested that it was possible to improve vertical stiffness in various jumps (RJ and standing quintuple jumps) and vertical stiffness in long-distance running through plyometric training. However, the plyometric training did not further improve the long-distance running performance.

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オリンピック出場候補女子ハンドボール選手14名の12分間走前後における尿中成分の変動と走速度, 脈拍数変動との関係などを検索し, つぎのような結論を得た。
1) 12分間の走行距離は2385mから3050mまでの範囲にあり, 平均値は2830.4±196.6mである。
2) 走後の脈拍数の回復は5分頃までは速いが, 以後は緩やかに低下し, 30分後でも走前レベルよりかなり高い例が多い。
3) 尿量は走前より走後に明らかな減少を示している。
4) 尿中pyruvateおよびlactateは走行中を含む1時間後尿で非常に多量排出され, 以後回復している。Pyr/CreatおよびLac/Creatでみても同様な傾向を示している。
尿中Pyr/Creatの走前後比は走速度が230m/分以上では走速度と正の相関関係を示し, 30分後の脈拍数回復率が60%以上では明らかな負の相関関係が認められ, 走速度が速く酸素負債が大きくてエネルギー産生に無酸素的要素が多いほど尿中pyruvateの排出が多くなることを示唆している。
5) 尿巾citrateは走直後明らかな減少を示し, 2時間後尿ではかなり回復している。
Cit/Creatでも走直後に低値を示しており, 単純な腎クリアランスの低下による変化ではなさそうである。
6) 尿中creatinineは走後1時間尿では減少する傾向があり, とくに尿巾pyruvateが50μg/ml以上では無酸素的要素が多くなるにつれてcrea-tinineは低濃度を示す明らかな負の相関関係が認められ, この状態においては腎のクリアランスの低下があるもののようである。

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