われわれが行っている諸々の開発行為は,人類という「種」のを有限な地球上で限りなく拡大する行為に相当する。この行為は,際限ない人口増加とふくらみ続ける物質欲により加速されている。現代の農業技術者にとって大切なことは,新しい技術開発により欲望の充足を可能にすることではなく,逆にその欲望の根を押え,環境を一定に保ちつつ生産を続ける「農業の論理」を,人類のにおいて成立させることである。

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ポーラス銅をインサート材とし、Sn系はんだ合金をポーラス銅内の細孔に溶浸させることで銅を接合した。本手法の接合性はSn融液の浸透性に大きく依存する。そこでポーラス銅の孔サイズ、空隙率などの内部構造および浸透材料であるSn系はんだ合金の組成を変化させて接合性に及ぼす影響について調べた。接合部は微細組織観察およびせん断試験によって評価した。

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Recent geographical studies of national boundaries/territories in English-speaking countries ave devoted considerable attention to the instability of nation-states mainly due to an upsurge in ethnic nationalism. While territorial issues have generally been regarded as a conflict between the nation-state and ethnic nationalism, other territorial issues between nation-states have attracted relatively little attention. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the movement for restoring the Northern Territories, which constitutes a longstanding problem between Japan and Russia, as an example of these issues, and to examine its implications for geography.
The issue of the Northern Territories, which are located east of Hokkaido and belong to Japan, emerged in 1945 when troops of the former USSR occupied them. The movement for the restoration of the Territories to Japan started immediately due to extreme pressure from former islanders and local people whose economic base lay mainly in long shore fisheries. A few years later, organizations for the movement were formed. Their main purpose was to popularize the recognition that the restoration problem was a national task for all Japanese and to plan a process of diplomatic negotiations with present-day Russia. This implies that the restoration movement required 'nationalism' from the Japanese side.
From interviews with those in charge of this movement, however, the following findings were obtained. Although the purpose of the movement is to realize restoration by popularizing the territorial issue among all Japanese citizens, the people concerned with the movement cannot directly be engaged in diplomatic negotiations. A promising indication of a settlement has not yet been found. In recent years, the perpetuation of the movement itself has become its prime purpose.
Noticeable in this context is a recent division among people concerned with the movement. On the one hand, former islanders and their descendants know that the problem of the Northern Territories is a national problem, particularly the former islanders, for whom the Territories are home and who have shown great support for the movement. On the other hand, people who were not born or who had not grown up there and are thus only under an obligation to be involved in the movement, have not supported it so strongly. Nowadays, it is rather unusual for former islanders and their descendants to expect to migrate to the Territories even after possible restoration, but they generally think that the movement as a national task should continue. Partly due to the development of local exchange with Russians in the Territories, descendants of the younger generation are not necessarily aware that their restoration is a national issue.
As a result, the movement framework based on such awareness seems to have been in process of becoming a mere shell, and solidarity within the organizations concerned has weakened. In the meantime, the intention of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs concerning this territorial problem is also related to current international relations, and, as a result, the feelings of former islanders are not fully taken into account. Accordingly, the restoration movement is limited in the sense that the Japanese state does not unit with Japanese citizens.

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1991年9月，北方

の択捉島，色丹島および国後島の環境調査として・飲料水，河川水，温畢水の溶存無機化学成分の分析を行った、 北方

領土

には大気汚染も重金属汚染も農薬汚染もなく，環境地球化学的バックグラウンドを求めるフィールドとして最適であった。しかし，住居地域においては水産加工工場の廃水や島民の生活雑排水による河川，湖沼，海洋の水質汚濁は深刻な状態であった。調査の結果，天然水の川水を処理することなく飲料水としている水道水は，ほとんどの試水において日本の水道水の水質基準以上のCOD，アンモニウムイオンおよび重金属が含まれており，生活雑排水によって汚染されていた．

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This article aims to elucidate economic development in the Senkaku Islands that centered on fishing for nearly a decade prior to their territorial incorporation into Japan in 1895. Analysis of primary materials discovered recently through the “Research Report on Archives of Senkaku Islands,” commissioned by the Office of Policy Planning and Coordination on Territory and Sovereignty, Cabinet Secretariat, some of them still undisclosed, revealed that (1) Japan had engaged in the economic development of Senakaku islands even before the Meiji government incorporated them into Japan; (2) during this process, Okinawa Prefecture recognized the need for regulation of fishery and appealed to the government for incorporation of the islands; and (3) as other countries did not raise any objection, the government determined that the islands were unclaimed and incorporated them into Japan.

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Naguib Mahfouz is a world-famous novelist of Egypt. He is widely known with his social novels set in modern Egypt. His first three novels, which are set in Pharaonic Egypt, have not been studied enough so far. They are works loyal to the so-called ‘Pharaonicism’ which characterized the national literature of Egypt in the twenties of this century. The national literature was itself a new trend to give a literary expression to ‘the territorial nationalism’, or the orientation toward a nation-state. Consequently, these three works of Mahfouz are not negligible for understanding the nature of ‘the territorial nationalism’ and why this movement rapidly receded into the background in the thirties.
First of all, loyal to the Pharaonicism, Mahfouz presents the ideal image of Egypt, particularly in terms of the relationship between the rulers and the ruled, in Pharaonic Egypt. This ideal image is the very image of Egypt for which Mahfouz strives. At the same time, he never fails to covertly criticize the social corruption and injustice in the real society of Egypt. However, ‘Pharaonicism’ itself has its own limitations. As Pharaonic Egypt has never been symbolic of anything positive for Egyptians until its historical value was recognized by western scholars, it cannot contribute to the legitimatization of the new ideal image of Egypt.
Secondly, ‘the territorial nationalism’ was supported mainly by western-educated intellectuals such as Mahfouz. The most serious problem for them in propagating their thought was how to communicate with the masses. The gap between these two groups of people was almost unbridgeable in those days. In these ‘Historical Works’ of Mahfouz, the masses are described as faceless and particularly as a group of people easily maneuvered by men of religion.
These works of Mahfouz shed light on the weakness of the western-educated intellectuals calling for ‘the territorial nationalism’.

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