Hit by the sharp increase of imports of recent years, domestic apparel manufacturing has been on the decline. A good share of those imports represent production contracted out by, among others, Japanese retailers, trading firms and apparel makers. In response to that development, a growing number of apparel manufacturing companies are expanding into foreign countries.
The expansion overseas by Japanese apparel manufacturers and the increasing imports have resulted in fewer jobs and lower incomes in those areas of Japan where apparel manufacturers have traditionally gravitated. Without the option of producing abroad, Japanese apparel manufacturers would have been completely overwhelmed by imports. As things have turned out, however, manufacturers have transferred production overseas and left their head office facilities behind-ironically enough, remaining clustered in the same apparel industry centers.
Making the most of their move overseas, some apparel manufacturers are developing business with new customers-even at the expense of conventional business relationships, while others are now manufacturing their own brands.
The difficulties connected with the distribution system employed by the apparel industry in Japan are indirectly responsible for both the transfer of production overseas and the growth of apparel imports. In Japan, products must pass through a multi-layered distribution system before finally reaching the consumer. Furthermore, when any product has proved to be unsuccessful, each of those layers tries to pass on as much of resulting losses as possible to others. Reflecting possible losses from unsold lots, the prices of products are set at a relatively high level. As a result, consumers must contend with relatively higher clothing prices, and manufacturers must get by on slimmer profit margins. Thin profit margins, in turn, lead to a relatively lower average wage, which lures fewer workers to that industry.
There now appears to be movement afoot to transform the situation from one unsatisfactory to all the parties involved, to one where all would gain at least some degree of satisfaction. That movement calls for eliminating the multiple layers through which products must pass and minimizing the impact of market failures by shortening the production runs and only going after products with the greatest selling potential. Once those objectives have been realized, the relative level of wages at the manufacturing stage will be much less of an issue, and the Japanese apparel manufacturing industry will have a chance of making a comeback.

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 In recent years, with the economic development and the improvement of living standards in China, the energy consumption has been increasing significantly. To create a sustainable society, it is important to clarify the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the residential sector, especially that in the urban houses because China is in the process of urbanization.
 Studies on the residential energy consumption in China have been carried out in Japan as well as China. Yoshino et al.¹⁾ have made clear the energy consumption of apartment houses for six Chinese cities by surveying; Zhang et al.²⁾ clarified the energy consumption for the capital cities in China in 1997 using the official statistics, developing a model predicting energy consumption in the residential houses in China; Ning et al.³⁾ investigated the structure of energy consumption using the Chinese statistics; Yu et al.⁴⁾ clarified energy consumption by questionnaire surveying and simulations for six Chinese cities; Ling et al.⁵⁾ investigated the consumption of electricity and gas for 23 areas in Beijing and made clear the average energy consumption except energy for district heating. All these studies can be classified into two methods: statistical and survey methods. With the statistical method, researches often face the problem of lacking the items needed in their researches; but with the survey method, it is difficult to tell if the results can represent the reality. Because the statistical method is based on large number of residents, it is used in this study. All the studies mentioned above have not been able to make clear the trend of energy consumption in the urban houses, nor the CO₂ emissions caused by the energy consumption.
 In this study, based on Chinese statistics, unit energy consumption for 277 Chinese cities is clarified during the period of 2002-2012. The emissions of CO₂ caused by energy consumption per household are also analyzed. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
 (1) Energy consumption per urban household increases from 12.3 GJ to 23.1GJ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The percentage of each kind of energy was clarified;
 (2) The emissions of CO₂ per urban household increases from 1, 689 kg CO₂ to 3,559 kg CO₂ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The weight of CO₂ emissions caused by different kinds of energy resources was made clear;
 (3) Energy consumption and CO₂ emissions per household in the capital cities is 1.44-fold and 1.42-fold of the average, respectively.

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本研究は、中国の 212都市を対象として、土地使用権の流動性と都市特性との関連性を明らかにした上で、地域の状況に応じた今後の土地利用管理政策についての方向性を提示することを目的としたものである。先ず、 1949年から現在までの中国の土地利用制度と土地管理政策を整理し、五つの時期に分け、各時期の特徴を明らかにする。次に、対象都市の都市経済指標と土地利用指標を用いて、主成分分析 /クラスター分析を行い、 7グループに類型し、各グループの経済発展レベルと都市化レベルの対応関係及び特徴を明らかにする。最後に、類型ごとの都市特性と土地使用権の転換状況の関係を比較分析・考察し、その結果に基づいて、類型ごとの今後の土地利用管理政策の方向性を提示している。

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本研究では，中国の農村地域において，ネット利用と住民の政府への信頼との関係を探索的に検討した。その結果，ネット利用によって，「中央政府への信頼」，「国家政策への関心」，「政治や政府が何をしているのかよく理解できる」，「中央政府のやっていることは正しい」などの項目に差異が存在していることが確認された。「政治や政府が何をしているのかよく理解できる」という項目では，利用者が非利用者より有意に高い平均値を示した。利用者の政治のことの理解度が非利用者より高い傾向が見られた。これ以外の項目では，利用者の方が非利用者より，有意に低い平均値を示した。つまり，非利用者は利用者よりも中央政府を信頼し，中央政府のやっていることが正しいと考えていることがうかがえる。しかし，その差異の原因については今後の課題とした。

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1949年10月1日、中華人民共和国が建国された。70年来、社会主義体制のもと、社会保障制度が構築されてきた。医療保障は社会保障制度における重要な部分である。中国の医療保障制度作りは計画経済の公共衛生、市場経済体制の基本医療および国民皆保険制度を経てきた。本稿では、中国における医療保障制度構築の歩みを振り返り、現存する問題点を指摘したうえ、今後の展望を示したい。

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An unstable world economic situation continues in the aftermath of the Lehman Shock, and major European and American banks are exposed to severe financial conditions. However, in China, which is maintaining rapid economic growth, the activities of domestic banks, particularly the four state-owned banks (SOBs), are noteworthy. In terms of scale, each SOB is a giant in China’s banking industry. Overthrowing state bank market control and accepting the entry of private capital were the most critical elements of the economic reform that started in the beginning of the 1980s, which sought to promote bank competition. However, the Chinese government, which forced the SOBs to become joint-stock companies, may also change existing policies to protect domestic banks since its joining of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This national protection may be the reason behind SOB growth. Because of such protective policies, foreign banks entering China might have been unable to compete within the banking industry. To verify this, we need to measure the degree of market competition within the Chinese banking industry. This study attempts to do that by using two techniques, the“ non-structural approach” and the “structural approach”, both of which have been widely used in earlier research. From the results, it is hard to say that the degree of competition improved since the joint-stock reform of the SOBs in the period 2003 to 2010, and it is clear that banks in China operate under a monopolistic or oligopolistic system of competition.

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資源共有,有料サービス,平等な公開,本館分館制,広報の拡大などをキーワードに,中国建国以来60年間の図書館サービスの発展について振り返る。

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